Discharges of heavy metals, toxic organics and variable strength conventional pollutants from industrial (and other nondomestic) sources can have negative impacts on the operation of POTWs. Such discharges can result in an " interference" at a POTW. The book considers the sources of and contaminants causing interference, the impact on the POTW, and the mitigation techniques available for interference prevention.

Data on over 1300 water treatment chemicals, applications, and services. Product information may include product category, company name, trade name, product number and description, and properties and characteristics.

This volume discusses elasticity, compatibility, equilibrium, and boundary conditions relative to the stresses and strains that plates undergo.

This volume covers the computational dynamics of linear and non-linear engineering systems subject to conservative as well as non-conservative loads. Available in both paperback and hardback, the volume proposes an as simple as possible numerical evaluation of dynamic phenomena.
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Practically all known methods of linear spectral analysis like the Householder, Givens, Wiland, Lanczos, Jacobi, Guyan, Eberlein, etc., are clearly detailed with a critical appraisal of their advantages and disadvantages. A great number of flow diagrams and examples are given in order to facilitate the understanding and practical application. A technically experienced reader will no doubt appreciate the interpretative difficulties of a subject like random or stochastic vibration expounded in a special chapter. Non-model damping is also detailed and the highly topical direct integration methods of the equations of dynamic equilibrium receive a very broad description.
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Finally non-linear oscillations are analysed mostly from the computational point of view. Here the Newmark and the Hermitean algorithms receive very detailed accounts and a critical appraisal. At the same time the subject of non-linear oscillations is introduced through a semi-analytical discussion of the Duffing equation in which the various attractor systems in phase space including strange attractors for chaotic manifestation are described.
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This volume is the first to appear in this series of self-contained textbooks designed to present a modern, comprehensive account of computational mechanics, which will appeal to both student and experienced practitioner alike.

Identifies the best technologies or other means that are generally available, taking costs into consideration, for inactivating or removing microbial contaminants from surface water and groundwater supplies of drinking water. More specifically, it discusses water treatment technologies to be used by community and noncommunity water systems in removing turbidity, Giardia, viruses, and bacteria.

This report summarizes the technical findings of an EPA study which evaluated the viability of volumetric tanks tests as a means of detecting leaks in underground storage tanks.

"From the Introduction: "
Recent major incidents involving the release of hazardous chemicals have heightened the awareness of both the public and the private sectors that effective strategies must be developed to prevent and to deal with emergencies. A number of federal, state, and local government agencies share portions of the responsibility for various aspects of the problem. With the very considerable overlap, as well as holes in the coverage, a study of this picture has been performed to review the entire collage of activities and to recommend appropriate roles for FEMA and other agencies.
While the entire area of hazardous materials may require such a treatment, the most chronic needs for a strong direction are cases where an airborne hazard is involved. The materials might be in any form, but the means by which the threat overtakes people is such that little warning is possible and immediate means of protection are very limited. There are, in fact, many parallels to be drawn between airborne spread of hazardous chemicals and the airborne dispersion from a nuclear incident. Since these parallels exist and since the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has taken a leading role in preparedness for nuclear problems, it is natural that the experience and planning for hazardous materials, particularly airborne ones, should fall in that agency. However, the nature of the disasters which are possible and the short periods during which they occur make it absolutely mandatory that the responsibility for dealing with the problems in local entities must lie with the local authorities. . . .

"From the Introduction: "
The purpose of this program is to identify and assess international technologies that could be utilized for hazardous waste site remediation within the United States. This report summarizes the results of Phase I of this program, which identified international alternative technologies potentially applicable to Superfund site remediation. All remedial technologies identified as a result of the Phase I activities are described in this report. Recommendations are also provided for further study in Phase II which will focus on the most promising international technologies.
General Approach
The technical approach for Phase I focused on the location, acquisition, and interpretation of existing data, studies, and related documentation for remedial technologies. Data were obtained through a comprehensive literature survey and telephone contracts / interviews with agencies, industries, vendors, research groups, and others involved in the development and marketing of technologies. Emphasis was placed on technologies that have been developed and / or applied in Europe, Japan and Canada, because of the promise that these areas have more advanced hazardous waste programs in place.
An important part of the Phase I activity was the assembly and review of information that EPA scientific personnel have obtained in their foreign travel assignments or through contact with foreign consultants or academics. A list of EPA personnel that were contact for input to the Phase I technology identification activity is provided in Section 4, along with non-EPA contacts . . . .

This resource document brings together available technical information on ground-water management. The book covers measures for prevention of contamination, assessment of extent of contamination, and restoration of ground-water quality.

Provides information on the application of point-of-use (POU), and point-of-entry (POE) systems for treating drinking water. Covers administrative and technical aspects of utilizing POU/POE systems to solve small community as well as individual drinking water problems.

This manual is intended as a source document for individuals responsible for improving the performance of an existing, non-complying wastewater treatment facility. Described are: 1) methods to evaluate an existing facility's capability to achieve improved performance, 2) a process for systematically improving its performance, and 3) details on how to modify the facility to achieve the required levels of performance. The manual emphasizes meeting National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit requirements for secondary treatment facilities (30 mg/L BODs and TSS). Though the manual is not intended to describe cost saving options or to present alternatives for designing new facilities for expansion purposes (i.e., to provide increased hydraulic and/or BOD loading capacity), in some cases the approach and modifications described may result in cost savings and/or increased capacity.
The need for better treatment performance from existing facilities is widespread. Usually the most cost effective approach for owners to achieve compliance is to optimize existing facilities either in terms of capital or operational improvements. Recent events have provided impetus to this approach by increasing incentives for improving existing plant performance.

Describes methods of controlling contaminated fugitive dust originating from contaminated land surfaces. The contaminated dust may be released by three basic mechanisms: vehicle reentrainment, cleanup activities, and wind erosion. Different dust suppressant techniques are used to treat each mechanism.

This book, generated from several EPA documents, initially covers the legal disposal of solvents, but suggests several alternatives and possible ways to reduce the amount of solvents left over during manufacturing processes.

Analyzes alternatives to land disposal of hazardous metal waste streams, focusing on methods to prevent waste generation. Source reduction, recycling and treatment strategies are covered.

A guide to selecting the proper phosphorus removal strategy in wastewater treatment.

Fine Pore Aeration for Wastewatr.Trmt.

Troubleshooting - the process of locating and diagnosing a fault in a system - is often difficult for the maintenance specialist in a computer controlled manufacturing system. They face a large system of many parts, where each part is complex in itself and where parts are interconnected in complex ways. This book addresses the ways maintenance specialists acquire and use information during troubleshooting and the types of difficulties they encounter in order to guide the improvement of computer-based troubleshooting support systems.

"From the Introduction: "
The purpose of this guide is to aid in determining whether a particular volatilization technology can successfully remove organic contaminants from water. It describes the performance evaluation of common volatilization technologies and provides an approach for selecting the appropriate technology for a given situation. Data necessary for the evaluation are described and, whenever possible, background data are given for selected hazardous organics. In addition to being useful for equipment selection, it can be used as an educational tool for background data on volatilization technologies or as a decision-making tool for purchasing a mobile technology.
The impetus for developing a guide stems from involvement of the Hazardous Waste Engineering Researching Laboratory's Releases Control Branch in technical assistance activities that require assessment of the feasibility and cost of various treatment options. It was recognized that EPA On-Scene Coordinators (OSC) and their technical support personnel are often faced with changing or uncertain conditions that could affect the cost and feasibility of removing volatile substances from water. As conditions change or as some of the uncertainties are resolved, the OSC's technical support personnel are called upon to revise their estimates accordingly. It was recognized that the OSC and their technical support staffs did not have a concise guide on the subject of volatilization technologies and their application to spill cleanup operations.
People with some technical training in chemistry and thermodynamics, but limited experience in participating or coordinating cleanup activities at uncontrolled hazardouswaste sites will find the guide useful. (A review of volatilization is provided for thos

Documents recommendations and guidelines for system designers and planners to assure reliable maintainable, and supportable use of fiber optic components.

Eight case studies from around the United States involving the reduction of trihalomethane in water treatment facilities. Includes information on finished water quality, treatment plant performance, and costs for each example. "From the Introduction: " In order to comply with the maximum contaminant level (MCL) for total trihalomethanes (TTHM), many utilities have modified their pre-oxidation and disinfection practices by switching to alternative oxidants and disinfectants in place of free chlorine. Examples of such modifications include the use of chlorine dioxide (C102), ozone (O3) or potassium permanganate (KMnO4) as pre-oxidants and disinfectants with free chlorine used as the final disinfectant, and the use of free chlorine as a pre-oxidant and disinfectant with combined chlorine (e.g., monochloramine (NH2Cl)) used as the final disinfectant. In fact, the final rule establishing an MCL for TTHM in November 1979 (EPA, 1979) was followed in March 1982 by a guidance document for utilities in which the EPA proposed treatment technologies which could be used to control trihalomethane (THM) levels. Three of the five "generally available" treatment methods included the use of chloramines or chlorine dioxide as alternative or supplemental disinfectants or oxidants, and the substitution of chloramines, chlorine dioxide, and potassium permanganate as pre-oxidants in place of chlorine. The proposal also included, as an additional treatment method which should be considered but which was not identified as "generally available," the use of ozone as an alternate or supplemental disinfectant or oxidant. These proposals were subsequently adopted by EPA in February 1983 (EPA, 1983). At the time

"From the Introduction: " The Acid Precipitation Act of 1980 established an Interagency Task Force to develop a comprehensive research program for investigation of acid precipitation issues. The National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) was subsequently established to develop the necessary data and provide a framework for policy recommendations in regard to acid precipitations. One aspect of the overall acid deposition issue is to understand the role and significance of direct emissions of acidic materials. As such, it is necessary to identify the major industrial sources of direct emissions of acidic material (e.g., sulfates, chlorides) and to evaulate the control of these materials. In addition, it is important to know if the most cost-effective methods for reducing acidic emissions differ from those for controlling acid deposition precursors (SO2, NOx, and VOC). Accordingly, the objectives of this study were: 1) to identify and characterize stationary combustion and industrial sources of directly emitted acidic materials in the United States; 2) to evaluate the technical feasibility of control techniques for these sources; and 3) to estimate the costs of applying these control technologies. This assessment was conducted via review and analysis of existing data including the preliminary control strategies evaluated by the Interagency Task Force. The potential for emissions from transportation sources was not examined in this study. Results of the study can be used to evaluate the merits of controlling directly emitted acidic materials as part of a policy evaluation of overall acid deposition control strategies. For example, if it were determined that for a region localemissions of directly emitted acid materials were more significant than lon

A review of the regulations and technologies involved in controlling air and water emissions from solid waste incinerators.

Many waste solutions and sludges contaminated with heavy metals are generated during aircraft maintenance operations at various Air Force Air Logistics Centers. The disposal of these waste streams by previously acceptable means has led to problems with the contamination of both soil and groundwater. Available technologies for treating contaminated soils are expensive. In situ immobilization of heavy metals is a cost-effective treatment alternative to alleviate the environmental and health hazards associated with contaminated soils. The objective of the program was the laboratory evaluation of various treatment chemicals for the in situ immobilization of hexavalent chromium, cadmium, nickel, copper and zinc in soils from Air Force facilities in the United States.

"From the Foreword: " This book presents the results of a waste audit study for the metal finishing industry. The study, carried out for the State of California but applicable for metal finishers elsewhere, identifies opportunities for waste reduction available to the metal finishing industry and develops procedures that can be used by metal finishers to assess their own waste reduction opportunities. The study emphasizes technologies available to small- and medium-sized metal finishing plants. Typically, these shops operate a variety of physical, chemical, and electrochemical processes. Chemical processes include degreasing, cleaning, pickling, etching, coating, and electroless plating. Electrochemical processes include plating and anodizing. The tasks included in the study were: (1) selecting metal finishing plants to include in the study, (2) performing a waste audit at each selected plant, (3) developing recommendations for implementing waste reduction technologies at each audited plant, (4) discussing with facility representatives the feasibility of implementing the waste reduction recommendations, and (5) developing this waste audit study report and methodology. The study identifies three categories of waste reduction technologies that are available to metal finishers: (1) source reduction, (2) recycling and resource recovery, and (3) alternative treatment. The costs associated with implementing these technologies range from a few hundred dollars for making simple improvements in housekeepiing and minor process modifications to tens of thousands of dollars for installing recovery or treatment units. The benefits realized from implementing such improvements include reductions inmaterial purchase and waste disposal costs, as well as reduction in the liability

Haz Waste Treatment Technologies Biologicl