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Books > Earth & environment > The environment > Environmental impact of natural disasters & phenomena
This open access book provides a comprehensive overview of volcanic
crisis research, the goal being to establish ways of successfully
applying volcanology in practice and to identify areas that need to
be addressed for future progress. It shows how volcano crises are
managed in practice, and helps to establish best practices.
Consequently the book brings together authors from all over the
globe who work with volcanoes, ranging from observatory
volcanologists, disaster practitioners and government officials to
NGO-based and government practitioners to address three key aspects
of volcanic crises. First, the book explores the unique nature of
volcanic hazards, which makes them a particularly challenging
threat to forecast and manage, due in part to their varying spatial
and temporal characteristics. Second, it presents lessons learned
on how to best manage volcanic events based on a number of crises
that have shaped our understanding of volcanic hazards and crises
management. Third, it discusses the diverse and wide-ranging
aspects of communication involved in crises, which merge old
practices and new technologies to accommodate an increasingly
challenging and globalised world. The information and insights
presented here are essential to tapping established knowledge,
moving towards more robust volcanic crises management, and
understanding how the volcanic world is perceived from a range of
standpoints and contexts around the globe.
The primary goals of this brief are to invoke alertness and
solidarity among the public in earthquake prone areas of India, and
to empower the community to prepare themselves to face and manage
the aftermath of an earthquake. The work presented here sheds new
light on the action plans to be taken by the common public and
public agencies, before, during and after earthquakes to safeguard
lives of people and minimize loss of assets. This carefully
presented book articulates various factors related to earthquake
preparedness, and develops guidelines and useful tips for
communicating them to relevant stakeholders. The book has been
divided into three parts: (i) the first providing background which
explains earthquakes in general and seismicity of India (ii) the
second explores earthquake preparedness intended for individuals,
families and various stakeholders, and (iii) the final section
which describes various strategies for communities to prepare
themselves for a future earthquake.
This edited volume is an up-to-date guide for students, policy
makers and engineers on earthquake engineering, including methods
and technologies for seismic hazard detection and mitigation. The
book was written in honour of the late Professor Jai Krishna, who
was a pioneer in teaching and research in the field of earthquake
engineering in India during his decades-long work at the University
of Roorkee (now the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee). The
book comprehensively covers the historical development of
earthquake engineering in India, and uses this background knowledge
to address the need for current advances in earthquake engineering,
especially in developing countries. After discussing the history
and growth of earthquake engineering in India from the past 50
years, the book addresses the present status of earthquake
engineering in regards to the seismic resistant designs of bridges,
buildings, railways, and other infrastructures. Specific topics
include response spectrum superposition methods, design philosophy,
system identification approaches, retaining walls, and shallow
foundations. Readers will learn about developments in earthquake
engineering over the past 50 years, and how new methods and
technologies can be applied towards seismic risk and hazard
identification and mitigation.
This book reviews and assesses the various methodologies for site
characterization and site effect estimation to carry out seismic
zonation at micro and macro levels. Readers will learn about the
suitability of these methodologies for each level of zoning that
needs to be assessed in order to optimize the resources for
carrying out seismic zonation. The Indian sub-continent is highly
vulnerable to earthquake hazards, and past studies have focused
primarily on the Himalayan region (inter-plate zone) and the
northeast region (subduction zone). The book improves understanding
of the Peninsular India that also has significantly high seismicity
and is prone to earthquakes of sizeable magnitude. Particular
attention is given to the various methodologies for assessing
seismic hazards, the scales at which site characterizations are
carried out, and optimal methods for zonation practices using site
data and hazard indexes. Aimed at students, this book will be of
use to post-graduates and doctoral students researching seismic
zonation, hazard assessment and mitigation, and spatial data in
earth sciences.
In 2017, four sequential disasters - hurricanes Harvey, Irma,
Maria, and the California wildfires - created an unprecedented
demand for federal disaster response and recovery resources.
Chapter 1 provides observations on federal and state preparedness
and response coordination for hurricanes Harvey and Irma in Texas
and Florida, and the California wildfires; federal preparedness for
and response to hurricanes Irma and Maria in Puerto Rico and the
U.S. Virgin Islands; and existing and emerging disaster recovery
challenges highlighted by these disasters. Chapter 2 provides
information on federal financial assistance provided to the Gulf
States after major disasters were declared in Alabama, Florida,
Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas in response to the widespread
destruction that resulted from Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma
in 2005 and Hurricanes Gustav and Ike in 2008.
Chapter 1 provides a short overview of issues Congress may consider
in its oversight of the Federal Emergency Management Agency's
(FEMA's) federal assistance during the 2017 hurricane season (e.g.,
Harvey, Irma, and Maria) and other disasters (e.g., fires in
California). In 2017, Hurricanes Irma and Maria damaged much of the
electricity grids' transmission and distribution systems in USVI
and Puerto Rico. Chapter 2 provides information on federal support
for restoring the electricity grids in Puerto Rico and USVI and
factors affecting this support. In 2017 two major hurricanes --
Irma and Maria -- caused extensive damage throughout Puerto Rico.
Chapter 3 describes FEMA's Public Assistance spending in Puerto
Rico and oversight efforts of federal recovery funds, and initial
challenges with the recovery process. Chapter 4 provides
information on DRF funding provided to Puerto Rico as a result of
assistance associated with a major disaster. The primary focus of
the territorial and federal efforts thus far has largely been on
restoring electric power in Puerto Rico as reported in chapter 5.
In September 2017, two major hurricanes -- Irma and Maria -- struck
the USVI, causing billions of dollars in damage to its
infrastructure, housing, and economy. Chapter 6 describes the
status of FEMA's Public Assistance program funding provided to the
USVI in response to the 2017 hurricanes as of October 1, 2018, and
the USVI's transition to implementing the Public Assistance
alternative procedures in the territory. Chapter 7 provides
information on DRF funding provided to the U.S. Virgin Islands as a
result of assistance associated with a major disaster. Chapter 8
provides information on DRF funding provided to Florida as a result
of assistance associated with a major disaster. Chapter 9 provides
a brief overview of the major disaster declaration process and
federal assistance programs potentially available to those affected
by the 2019 flooding in the Midwest. Following Hurricane Katrina,
Congress required FEMA to establish advance contracts for goods and
services to enable the government to quickly and effectively
mobilize resources in the aftermath of a disaster. Chapter 10
assesses FEMA and USACE's use of advance contracts, FEMA's planning
and reporting of selected advance contracts, and challenges, if
any, with FEMA's use of these contracts. Chapter 11 addresses the
extent to which federal agencies obligated funds on post-disaster
contracts in response to the these events, and selected agencies
experienced challenges in the planning of selected contracts.
This book gathers the main research findings on monotonic, cyclic
and postcyclic shear behavior of low-plasticity. Drawing on the
low-plasticity silt from the Mississippi River Valley, it
determines that the silt's critical state line can be changed due
to liquefaction, and thus offers valuable insights and reference
data for further investigations on soil mechanics and engineering
applications to verify the above research findings. Low-plasticity
silt with a plasticity index of less than 10, though commonly found
around the world, nonetheless differs greatly from sand and clay in
terms of its shear behavior. Failure to take into account the
differences in shear characteristics between silt, clay and sand
will lead to overconservative designs of offshore structures. In
particular, dynamic loading from earthquakes, trains and ocean
waves can set off the liquefaction of low-plasticity silt, and with
it, major disasters and losses of properties. Additionally, some
civil infrastructures have failed not only due to cyclic loading
during an earthquake, but also due to reduction of shear strength
or stiffness after that.
This book highlights studies of differentiation problems of natural
geosystems because of anthropogenic impact. The systematic
methodology of comprehensive ecological assessment of anthropogenic
impact on natural geosystems and their differentiations on the
level of technogenic conditionality for ensuring rational
environmental management and environmental protection are
discussed. The practical importance of this book lies in the
evidence-based recommendations and actions for conservation and
quality management of the environment in order to decrease the
degree of anthropogenic impact and in prevention of degradation
processes. The book is useful to the researchers, industrial,
scientific, and other organizations in establishing the purpose of
the problem and solution to environmental protection and rational
environmental management.
This book is the third volume of the proceedings of the 4th
GeoShanghai International Conference that was held on May 27 - 30,
2018. This volume, entitled "Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering" ,
covers the recent advances and technologies in rock mechanics and
rock engineering. These papers are grouped in three categories: (1)
Theoretical and numerical study of rock behaviours, (2)
Experimental study of rock behaviours, and (3) Applications of rock
mechanics and case studies. This volume presents the
state-of-the-art theories, methodologies and findings in the
related areas. The book may benefit researchers and scientists from
the academic fields of rock mechanics and rock engineering,
geotechnical engineering, geoenvironmental engineering,
transportation engineering, geology, mining and energy, as well as
practical engineers from the industry. Each of the papers included
in this book received at least two positive peer reviews. The
editors would like to express their sincerest appreciation to all
of the anonymous reviewers all over the world, for their diligent
work.
This volume contains peer-reviewed papers from the Fourth World
Landslide Forum organized by the International Consortium on
Landslides (ICL), the Global Promotion Committee of the
International Programme on Landslides (IPL), University of
Ljubljana (UL) and Geological Survey of Slovenia in Ljubljana,
Slovenia from May 29 to June 2, 2017. The complete collection of
papers from the Forum is published in five full-color volumes. This
third volume contains the following: * One keynote lecture *
Landslide Monitoring and Warning: Monitoring Techniques and
Technologies, * Early Warning Systems * Landslide Disasters and
Relief: Case Studies, Emergency Measures, First Aid, * Civil
Protection Measures * Landslide Mitigation, Remediation and
Stabilization: Landslide Protection Works, * Landslide
Stabilization And Remediation Measures, Landslide Non-Structural
Measures Prof. Matjaz Mikos is the Forum Chair of the Fourth World
Landslide Forum. He is the Vice President of International
Consortium on Landslides and President of the Slovenian National
Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction. Prof. Zeljko Arbanas is
representative of Croatian Landslide Group, member of the
International Consortium on Landslides. He is the Head of
Geotechnical Chair at Faculty of Civil Engineering University of
Rijeka, Croatia and the Assistant Editor-in-Chief of International
Journal "Landslides".<
Prof. Yueping Yin is the President of the International Consortium
on Landslides and the Chairman of the Committee of Geo-Hazards
Prevention of China, and the Chief Geologist of Geo-Hazard
Emergency Technology, Ministry of Land and Resources, P.R. China.
Prof. Kyoji Sassa is the Founding President of the International
Consortium on Landslides (ICL). He is Executive Director of ICL and
the Editor-in-Chief of International Journal "Landslides" since its
foundation in 2004. IPL (International Programme on Landslides) is
a programme of the ICL. The programme is managed by the IPL Global
Promotion Committee including ICL and ICL supporting organizations,
UNESCO, WMO, FAO, UNISDR, UNU, ICSU, WFEO, IUGS and IUGG. The IPL
contributes to the United Nations International Strategy for
Disaster Reduction and the ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships 2015-2025.
This volume contains peer-reviewed papers from the Fourth World
Landslide Forum organized by the International Consortium on
Landslides (ICL), the Global Promotion Committee of the
International Programme on Landslides (IPL), University of
Ljubljana (UL) and Geological Survey of Slovenia in Ljubljana,
Slovenia from May 29 to June 2, 2017. The complete collection of
papers from the Forum is published in five full-color volumes. This
fourth volume contains the following: * Earthquake-Induced
Landslides * Rainfall-Induced Landslides* Rapid Landslides: Debris
Flows, Mudflows, Rapid Debris-Slides * Landslides in Rocks and
Complex Landslides: Rock Topples, Rock Falls, Rock Slides,Complex
Landslides * Landslides and Other Natural Hazards: Floods,
Droughts, Wildfires, Tsunamis, Volcanoes Prof. Matjaz Mikos is the
Forum Chair of the Fourth World Landslide Forum. He is the Vice
President of International Consortium on Landslides and President
of the Slovenian NationalPlatform for Disaster Risk Reduction.
Prof. Nicola Casagli is Founding member of the International
Consortium on Landslides(ICL), professor at the University of
Florence and founder of the UNESCO Chair on geohydrological hazards
at the same University. Prof. Yueping Yin is the President of the
International Consortium on Landslides and the Chairman of the
Committee of Geo-Hazards Prevention of China, and the Chief
Geologist of Geo-Hazard Emergency Technology, Ministry of Land and
Resources, P.R. China". Prof. Kyoji Sassa is the Founding President
of the International Consortium on Landslides(ICL). He is Executive
Director of ICL and the Editor-in-Chief of International
Journal"Landslides" since its foundation in 2004. IPL
(International Programme on Landslides) is a programme of the ICL.
The programme is managed by the IPL Global Promotion Committee
including ICL and ICL supportingorganizations, UNESCO, WMO, FAO,
UNISDR, UNU, ICSU, WFEO, IUGS and IUGG. TheIPL contributes to the
United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction and
the ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships 2015-2025.
This book presents a comprehensive approach to address the need to
improve the design of tailings dams, their management and the
regulation of tailings management facilities to reduce, and
eventually eliminate, the risk of such facilities failing. The
scope of the challenge is well documented in the report by the
United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and GRID Arendal entitled
"Mine Tailings Storage: Safety Is No Accident," which was released
in October 2017. The report recommends that "Regulators, industry
and communities should adopt a shared, zero-failure objective to
tailings storage facilities..." and identifies several areas where
further improvements are required. In this context, the application
of cutting-edge risk-assessment methodologies and risk-management
practices can contribute to a significant reduction and eventual
elimination of dam failures through Risk Informed Decision Making.
As such, the book focuses on identifying and describing the
risk-assessment approaches and risk-management practices that need
to be implemented in order to develop a way forward to achieve
socially acceptable levels of tailings dam risk.
The demand for oil and gas has brought exploration and production
to unprecedented depths of the world's oceans. Currently, over 50%
of the oil from the Gulf of Mexico now comes from waters in excess
of 1,500 meters (one mile) deep, where no oil was produced just 20
years ago. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill blowout did much to
change the perception of oil spills as coming just from tanker
accidents, train derailments, and pipeline ruptures. In fact,
beginning with the Ixtoc 1 spill off Campeche, Mexico in 1979-1980,
there have been a series of large spill events originating at the
sea bottom and creating a myriad of new environmental and well
control challenges. This volume explores the physics, chemistry,
sub-surface oil deposition and environmental impacts of deep oil
spills. Key lessons learned from the responses to previous deep
spills, as well as unresolved scientific questions for additional
research are highlighted, all of which are appropriate for
governmental regulators, politicians, industry decision-makers,
first responders, researchers and students wanting an incisive
overview of issues surrounding deep-water oil and gas production.
Floods remain a significant hazard in the United States. Developing
and investing in flood-prone areas represents a trade-off between
the location's economic benefits and the exposure to a flood
hazard. In the United States, flood mitigation, protection,
emergency response and recovery roles and responsibilities are
shared. Local governments are responsible for land use and zoning
decisions that shape floodplain and coastal development. State and
federal programs, policies, and investments influence community and
individual decisions on managing flood risk. This book examines
federal flood policy challenges; FEMA's pre-disaster mitigation
program; flood risk management and levees; federal flood insurance
and the potential impact on agriculture.
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