The fIrst oil crisis of 1973-74 and the questions it raised in the
economic and social fIelds drew attention to energy issues.
Industrial societies, accustomed for two decades or more to energy
sufficiently easy to produce and cheap to consume that it was
thought to be inexhaustible, began to question their energy future.
The studies undertaken at that time, and since, on a national,
regional, or world level were over-optimistic. The problem seemed
simple enough to solve. On the one hand, a certain number of
resources: coal, the abundance of which was discovered, or rather
rediscovered oil, source of all the problems ... In fact, the
problems seemed to come, if not from oil itself (an easy
explanation), then from those who produced it without really owning
it, and from those who owned it without really control ling it
natural gas, second only to oil and less compromised uranium, all
of whose promises had not been kept, but whose resources were not
in question solar energy, multiform and really inexhaustible
thermonuclear fusion, and geothermal energy, etc. On the other
hand, energy consumption, though excessive perhaps, was symbolic of
progress, development, and increased well being. The originality of
the energy policies set up since 1974 lies in the fact they no
longer aimed to produce (or import) more, but to consume less. They
sought, and still seek, what might be emphatically called the
control of energy consump tion, or rather the control of energy
demand."
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