Analysis of the materials, primarily lithics and sherds, collected
in the course of this project indicate that the area experienced
its highest density of population during the Middle Paleolithic,
Neolithic/Chalcolithic, Iron II, Nabataean and Roman, Byzantine,
and Late Islamic periods. Relative to the settlement patterns of
the area, it can be concluded that the area was a rural one where
the chief activities were agriculture and pastoralism. The many
farms, hamlets, villages, and camp sites documented show that the
area most probably provisioned, during various archaeological
periods, the major international sites of the area. The project has
particular relevance for understanding the major site of Petra
during the Nabataean, Roman, and Byzantine periods. In addition, it
is important relative to the site of Udhruh during these three
periods plus the Early and Late Islamic periods and the site of
ash-Shawbak, located immediately to the north of the project's
territory, during the Middle Islamic period. The objectives of The
Shammakh to Ayl Archaeological Survey, Southern Jordan project
were: to discover, record, and interpret archaeological sites in an
area of approximately 590 km between Shammakh in the north and Ayl
in the south in the southern segment of the Transjordan Plateau; to
determine the area's settlement patterns from the Lower Paleolithic
(ca. 1.4 mya) to the end of the Late Islamic period (AD 1918); to
investigate the Pleistocene (as late as ca. 10,000 B.C.) sediments
and lakes in the eastern segment of the survey territory; to
document the many farms, hamlets, and villages that provisioned the
major international sites of the area, for example, Ash-Shawbak,
Petra, and Udhruh; to investigate further the Khatt Shabib or
'Shabib's Wall,' a low stone wall running in a generally
north-south direction through the area; to record the inscriptions,
rock drawings, and wasms (tribal brands) within the area; and to
link up with previous work that the project director and others
have carried out in southern Jordan. These objectives were
accomplished by the transecting of 108 random squares and the
documenting of 366 sites that range in date from the Lower
Paleaolithic to the end of the Late Islamic period. Finally, the
project contributed to the writing of the archaeological history of
southern Jordan from Wadi al-Hasa in the north to Ras an-Naqab in
the south and from the desert on the east to the international
border between Jordan and Israel on the west.
General
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