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Wildlife Refuges - Factors & Concerns About Future Sustainability (Hardcover, New)
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Wildlife Refuges - Factors & Concerns About Future Sustainability (Hardcover, New)
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Between fiscal years 2002 and 2007, the refuge system experienced
funding and staffing level fluctuations, the introduction of
several new policy initiatives, and the increased influence of
external factors such as extreme weather that threaten wildlife
habitat and visitor infrastructure. Although core funding --
measured as obligations for refuge operations, maintenance, and
fire management -- increased each year, inflation-adjusted core
funding peaked in fiscal year 2003 at about $391 million -- 6.8
percent above fiscal year 2002 funding. Inflation-adjusted core
funding ended the period 2.3 percent below peak levels, but 4.3
percent above fiscal year 2002 levels by fiscal year 2007. Core
refuge staffing levels peaked in fiscal year 2004 at 3,610
full-time equivalents -- 10.0 percent above the fiscal year 2002
level -- and then declined more slowly than funding levels. By
fiscal year 2007, staffing levels fell to 4.0 percent below peak
levels, but 5.5 percent above fiscal year 2002 levels. Through
fiscal year 2007, the number of permanent employees utilised by the
refuge system declined to 7.5 percent below peak levels. During
this period, refuge system officials initiated new policies that:
(1) reduced staff positions and reallocated funds and staff among
refuges to better align staff levels with funding; (2) required
refuge staff to focus on a legislative mandate to complete refuge
conservation plans by 2012; (3) shifted to constructing a larger
number of smaller visitor structures, such as informational kiosks,
and fewer large visitor centres to spread visitor service funds
across more refuges; (4) increased the number of full-time law
enforcement officers and their associated training and experience
requirements; and (5) resulted in additional administrative work.
During this period, external factors that complicate refuge staffs'
ability to protect and restore habitat quality also increased,
including severe storms and development around refuges.
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