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Displacement Of Men By Machines - Effects Of Technological Change In Commercial Printing (Paperback, Illustrated Ed)
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Displacement Of Men By Machines - Effects Of Technological Change In Commercial Printing (Paperback, Illustrated Ed)
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FOREWORD So far as the writer knows, this publication is the first
that deals both with changing technology and labor displacement in
representative plants and with the subsequent economic history of
the men displaced. Economic sailing is rough in these years. The
catastrophe ofmen tossed overboard through displacement by machines
has sharply commanded attention. Technological unemployment has
come to the fore as a source ofalarmed discussion. Long a news
feature in newspapers and periodicals, startling and fascinating
illustrations of fill displacement the air. Employers, wage
earners, social-service workers, and students argue as to the
proportions of the problem and disagree as to the means of dealing
with it. But with sober study, doubts and modifications of original
conclusions have now arisen because the phenomenon called
technological unemployment has proved elusive and baffling when
attempts are made to examine its nature and to measure it. The
first contributions of research workers were in the form of general
analysis. Valuable as these were as a beginning, more specific
knowledge of what is actually occurring in particular cases became
essential if measures of control were to be dis- covered . The
printing industry with its clicking presses ranks high among those
popularly grouped among the man-displacing trades. Partly because
of this, the present study was centered on the commercial branch of
printing where special alarm has been felt. The aimwas to trace the
economic and social fate ofmanual press-feeders displaced by
mechanical feeders. But as the search proceeded the effects of
machine installation became more obscure rather than less so. The
needle was in the haystackbut it was constantly slipping, and there
was so much hay to clear had to be redirected and away that the
original quick procedure the whole effort prolonged. The conditions
that changed and controlled the course of the investigation were
twofold. First, the nature of the industry which, though highly
mechanized, introduces new techniques only gradually into hundreds
of small competitive pressrooms where labor turnover tends to be
high and regularly employed men are transferred from job to job.
The second was the absence of records. In the printing industry
today, and probably in most other industries, there is no provision
either by employers or by unions for recording current changes in
techniques or in employ- ment. Pay-roll records and union lists of
men who have paid their dues are entirely inadequate for tracing
the whys and wherefores of changes in employment and of separation
from work. In general, the records pertinent to an inquiry of this
kind were fragmentary and incomplete. The present study, therefore,
bears witness to the difficulties of looking in from the outside
upon an industry in process of change. It was impossible, even had
it been desirable, to follow anyone method of analysis. With
whatever discretion could be developed, several methods were used
statistical, descriptive and inferential...
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