This study, the third of its type published by the Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), adds further
evidence that in mountain regions of developing countries, food
insecurity, social isolation, environmental degradation, exposure
to the risk of disasters and to the impacts of climate change, and
limited access to basic services, especially in rural areas, are
still prevalent and, under some circumstances, increasing. It also
shows the technical challenges for producing more comprehensive and
representative assessments based on scientific data, and providing
a deeper understanding of the underlying factors of vulnerability
of mountain people. Mountains cover 39 million km2, or 27 percent,
of the world's land surface. In 2017, the global mountain
population reached nearly 1.1 billion, which is 15 percent of the
world's population, with an increase of 89 million people since
2012. The increase added almost entirely (86 million people) to the
mountain population in developing countries, which reached one
billion people in 2017. The population has increased in all the
regions of the developing world. Only the areas at the highest
mountain altitudes (above 3 500 m) continued to experience a
depopulation trend in the last 17 years, while at all other
elevations population increased. In all African subregions, in
South America and in Central and Western Asia, the population
density is higher in the mountains than in the lowlands. In
developing countries, 648 million people (65 percent of the total
mountain population) live in rural areas. Half of them, 346
million, were estimated to be vulnerable to food insecurity in
2017. In other words, one in two rural mountain dwellers in
developing countries live in areas where the daily availability of
calories and protein was estimated to be below the minimum
threshold needed for a healthy life. In the five years from 2012 to
2017, the number of vulnerable people increased in the mountains of
developing countries, approximately at the same pace as the total
mountain population. Although the proportion of vulnerable people
to the total mountain population did not change, the absolute
number of vulnerable people increased globally by 40 million,
representing an increment of 12.5 percent from 2012 to 2017
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