Starting in the early part of the nineteenth century, American
administrations expressed a desire to own Cuba. A rationale for
adding Cuba to the territory of the United States could be built on
Cuba's sugar and tobacco industries, as well as Cuba's mineral
deposits. But economics was not the primary motivation. American
presidents knew that in the event of war, any nation occupying Cuba
would have an advantage over the US military strategies; this fear,
coupled with the economic benefit, explains a century of policy
decisions.
As Frank R. Villafana shows, Cubans were not sitting idle,
waiting for outsiders to liberate them from Spanish oppression. A
major part of this research is devoted to studying Cuban efforts to
liberate their island from prolonged Spanish domination. Cuba had
been struggling for independence from Spain since the 1830s,
followed by the Ten Year War. During the 1895-1898 War of
Independence, Cuba came close to defeating Spain, but a merciless
Spanish military effort converted Cuba into a series of
concentration camps.
Spain surrendered after its naval defeats by the US at Manila
Bay and Santiago de Cuba, following a failed ground campaign in
eastern Cuba. After the US occupied Cuba militarily, American
political leaders realized only a small minority of Cubans
supported annexation, and the Platt Amendment was developed as a
substitute. Today, most Cubans agree that independence, even
constrained by the United States, was better than enslavement by
the Castro brothers. However, as Villafana emphasizes, Cubans
living in Cuba as well as abroad still seek a land free and
independent of foreign threat and domestic tyrants.
General
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