Six multi-period archaeological sites investigated in advance of
gravel extraction in the London Borough of Havering between 1963
and 1997 form the basis of a landscape history of the Rainham and
Upminster area. Residual Mesolithic finds from the study area
include an adze. The first significant activity locally was an
Early Neolithic ring ditch, which remained in use for about a
millennium. During the Bronze Age the area was transformed by
extensive woodland clearance and the creation of rectilinear fields
and scattered farmsteads. The Iron Age saw more intensive landscape
utilisation and settlement. About the time of the Roman invasion
two farmsteads were fortified. A waterhole from one of these
farmsteads revealed a large pottery assemblage dating to c. AD
60-70, showing a low level of Romanisation and few imported wares.
A number of farmsteads were continuously occupied throughout the
Roman period until after c. AD 370. The presence of Early Saxon
activity at some sites suggests either continuity of occupation or
only a short period of abandonment. These scattered Saxon
farmsteads were probably abandoned during the Late Saxon period,
when the rural settlement pattern generally changed to nucleated
villages. Significant medieval remains include a farmstead and a
manorial enclosure.
General
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