VIRUS DISEASES OF PLANTS VIRUS DISEASES OF PLANTS BY JOHN GRAINGER
PH. D., B. Sc. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON HUMPHREY MILFORD 1934
PREFACE THE need for a small book upon the subject of Plant Virus
Diseases appeared during my teaching work at Leeds University and
in the County of Yorkshire. The study of this subject is, indeed,
developing rapidly, but it seemed that this was not sufficient
justification for with holding a simple text-book from the student
of Mycology or Plant Pathology. A comprehensive volume would be
inappropriate, as yet, and would have a limited use. The aim of
this book has therefore been to introduce the student to the
phenorrfcria associated with Virus Diseases, rather than to provide
him with descriptions of all known viroses it is typical rather
than complete. Many pitfalls aw r ait the new worker on Virus
Diseases, so it was decided to include descriptions of the various
items of technique in common use. The list of references at the end
of the volume will provide an introduction to the very extensive
literature on the subject of Plant Viruses. In its compilation,
accessibility and comprehensiveness o the papers quoted have been
constantly in mind. The references cited in the text follow the
general plan of the book, being representative, not exhaustive. It
is with great pleasure that I acknowledge my in debtedness to many
persons to my wife, for much con structive criticism and help, and
to Dr. J. Henderson Smith, of Rothamsted, who criticized the
manuscript in its early stages. Dr. J. Johnson, of Wisconsin
University, U. S. A., has helped in ways too numerous to mention,
and Prof. J. H. Priestley, of Leeds University, introduced me to
the study of VirusDiseases of Plants, and helped consider ably in
its prosecution. Many workers in Ireland, Holland, America,
Germany, and our own country have given written and verbal
communication of their results. The Oxford University Press has
throughout been most cour teous and helpful. J-G - June, 1933. J
CONTENTS . INTRODUCTORY. Historical i II. THE RELATION OF A VIRUS
TO ITS HOST PLANT 4 Symptoms of Mosaic Diseases. Symptoms of
Yellows Diseases. Miscellaneous Symptoms. Symptom Complexes the
Potato Virus Group. Host Range of Virus Diseases. Carriers.
Increase and De crease of Virulence. Resistant Varieties. Immunity.
Recovery. The Masking of Symptoms. The Effects of Shading. Seed
Trans mission. Pollen Transmission. Soil Transmission. Virus
Diseases and Vegetative Propagation. Histology and Cytology. Local
Lesions. Necrosis. The Spread of Virus in its Host. The Concen
tration of Virus in its Host. Physiological Effects. Developmental
Anatomy. Organisms associated with Virus Diseases. . PROPERTIES OF
THE VIRUS EXTRACT . . 24 Studies on the Effect of Heat.
Concentration of the Virus Extract. Inactivation by Disinfectants,
c. Attenuation by Oxygen. Ultra-Violet and Dark-Ground Photography.
Ageing of the Virus Extract. Inactivation by High Pressure and
Pulverisation. Filtra tion and Size of Virus Particles. The
Participate Nature of the Virus. Purification of the Virus Extract.
Chemical Nature of the Virus. Attempted Cultivation of the Virus in
vitro. The Electrical Charge of Virus Particles. IV. THE RELATION
OF INSECTS TO VIRUS DISEASES 35 General Characters of Insect
Transmission. Technique of Insect Transmission. Insect Cages.
Transference of Insects. The In cubation Period of the Virus on
theInsect. The Duration of Virus bearing by the Insect. The
Preparation of Microscope Slides of Insects Feeding on Plant
Tissue. An Insect Test for the Filter passing Ability of Some
Viruses. Some Virus Diseases and their Insect Vectors. V. ECONOMIC
EFFECTS AND MEASURES OF CONTROL . . . . . .44 Damage caused by
Virus Diseases. Potato Viruses. Rogueing. The Use of Resistant
Varieties. The Use of Carrier Varieties. The Use of Immune
Varieties. Vegetatively Propagated Stocks should be free from
Disease. Indexing. The Use of Seed Propagation. The Sterilization
of Soil...
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