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Environmental Applications of Digital Terrain Modeling (Hardcover)
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Environmental Applications of Digital Terrain Modeling (Hardcover)
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A digital elevation model (DEM) is a digital representation of
ground surface topography or terrain. It is also widely known as a
digital terrain model (DTM). A DEM can be represented as a raster
(a grid of squares) or as a vector based triangular irregular
network (TIN). DEMs are commonly built using remote sensing
techniques, but they may also be built from land surveying. DEMs
are used often in geographic information systems, and are the most
common basis for digitally-produced relief maps. The terrain
surface can be described as compromising of two different elements;
random and systematic. The random (stochastic) elements are the
continuous surfaces with continuously varying relief. It would take
an endless number of points to describe exactly the random terrain
shapes, but these can be described in practice with a network of
point. It is usual to use a network that creates sloping triangles
or regular quadrants. This book examines how the methods and data
sources used to generate DEMs and calculate land surface parameters
have changed over the past 25 years. The primary goal is to
describe the state-of-the-art for a typical digital terrain
modeling workflow that starts with data capture, continues with
data preprocessing and DEM generation, and concludes with the
calculation of one or more primary and secondary land surface
parameters. Taken as a whole, this book covers the basic theory
behind the methods, the instrumentation, analysis and
interpretation that are embedded in the modern digital terrain
modeling workflow, the strengths and weaknesses of the various
methods that the terrain analyst must choose among, typical
applications of the results emanating from these terrain modeling
workflows, and future directions. This book is intended for
researchers and practitioners who wish to use DEMs, land surface
parameters, land surface objects and landforms in environmental
projects. The book will also be valuable as a reference text for
environmental scientists who are specialists in related fields and
wish to integrate these kinds of digital terrain workflows and
outputs into their own specialized work environments.
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