The Dayton Peace Accords, signed on 14 December 1995, formally
ended the ethnic and religious conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovina and
established a framework for full implementation of the provisions
of the peace settlement. The following day, the UNSC (United
Nations Security Council) adopted UNSC Resolution 1031, which
authorized the NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) "to
establish a multinational IFOR (Implementation Force) under unified
command and control" to help ensure compliance with the provisions
of the Dayton Peace Accords. This NATO IFOR would operate under the
"authority and subject to the direction and political control of
the NAC (North Atlantic Council) through the NATO chain of
command." The deployment of the IFOR, with a one-year mandate, was
designated OJE (Operation JOINT ENDEAVOR) and marked the first
major out-of-area peace enforcement operation in the alliance's
half-century history. Moreover, this complex and challenging
military operation included for the first time since World War II,
American and Russian soldiers operating as allies, a feat
unthinkable only six years earlier before the Berlin Wall fell in
1989. On 5 December 1995, NATO foreign ministers approved military
planning for IFOR, which called for over 60,000 military personnel
to serve in the NATO-led IFOR. More than 32 countries, including
all NATO countries, thirteen PFP (Partnership for Peace) nations,
and four other nations agreed to contribute forces to IFOR. The
United States, United Kingdom, and France provided the largest
national contingents. All forces served under OPCON (operational
control) of NATO, with the exception of the Russian contingent.
This contingent served OPCON directly to the SACEUR (Supreme Allied
Commander-Europe), which was in charge of NATO military forces and
also under TACON (Tactical Control of the commanding general, US
1st Armored Division. On 20 December 1995, only four days after the
NAC approved OJE, the IFOR commander assumed military authority in
Bosnia-Herzegovina from the commander of the UNPROFOR (United
Nations Protection Force). While the approval of IFOR and related
military developments and deployments took place seemingly very
quickly in December 1995, these initiatives were crowned with
success because, from the US Army perspective, they were the
culmination of about three years of deliberate planning, thorough
preparations, and intensive training by USAREUR (US Army, Europe)
and its major subordinate command, V Corps. V Corps, which had
moved its headquarters from Frankfurt to Heidelberg, Germany, only
on 13 January 1995, made significant contributions to the command,
planning, organization, operations, and accomplishments of this
team effort. The commanding general of V Corps served as deputy
commanding general, USAREUR Headquarters (Forward), in charge of
the NSE (National Support Element) at the ISB (Intermediate Staging
Base) at Taszar, Hungary. He was responsible for the deployment,
sustainment, and later redeployment of US forces to and from
Bosnia-Herzegovina. The V Corps Headquarters (Main) remained in
Heidelberg and served as the plans headquarters for the operation.
Moreover, based on guidance and directives from its higher
headquarters (USAREUR), V Corps provided the majority of forces for
the US national contingent for OJE, centered on the 1st AD (Armored
Division). The 1st AD provided command and control and the nucleus
of the multinational Task Force Eagle and it was accountable for
peace enforcement operations in the American or Multinational
Division-North, sector of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The V Corps was also
responsible for the establishment and operations of Task Force
Victory under the V Corps deputy commanding general and using the V
Corps Artillery staff of commanding rear detachments, non-deploying
units, and executing related missions.
General
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