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Morality for Humans (Paperback)
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Morality for Humans (Paperback)
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What is the difference between right and wrong? This is no easy
question to answer, yet we constantly try to make it so, frequently
appealing to some hidden cache of cut-and-dried absolutes, whether
drawn from God, universal reason, or societal authority. Combining
cognitive science with a pragmatist philosophical framework in
Morality for Humans: Ethical Understanding from the Perspective of
Cognitive Science, Mark Johnson argues that appealing solely to
absolute principles and values is not only scientifically unsound
but even morally suspect. He shows that the standards for the kinds
of people we should be and how we should treat one another-which we
often think of as universal-are in fact frequently subject to
change. And we should be okay with that. Taking context into
consideration, he offers a remarkably nuanced, naturalistic view of
ethics that sees us creatively adapt our standards according to
given needs, emerging problems, and social interactions. Ethical
naturalism is not just a revamped form of relativism. Indeed,
Johnson attempts to overcome the absolutist-versus-relativist
impasse that has been one of the most intractable problems in the
history of philosophy. He does so through a careful and inclusive
look at the many ways we reason about right and wrong. Much of our
moral thought, he shows, is automatic and intuitive, gut feelings
that we follow up and attempt to justify with rational analysis and
argument. However, good moral deliberation is not limited merely to
intuitive judgments supported after the fact by reasoning. Johnson
points out a crucial third element: we imagine how our decisions
will play out, how we or the world would change with each action we
might take. Plumbing this imaginative dimension of moral reasoning,
he provides a psychologically sophisticated view of moral problem
solving, one perfectly suited for the embodied, culturally
embedded, and ever-developing human creatures that we are.
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