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Scientific Communication and National Security (Paperback)
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Scientific Communication and National Security (Paperback)
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The military, political, and economic preeminence of the United
States during the post-World War II era is based to a substantial
degree on its superior rate of achievement in science and
technology, as well as on its capacity to translate these
achievements into products and processes that contribute to
economic prosperity and the national defense. The success of the
U.S. scientific enterprise has been facilitated by many factors,
important among them the opportunity for American scientists and
engineers to pursue their research-and to communicate with each
other-in a free and open environment. During the last two
administrations, however, concern has arisen that the
characteristically open U.S. scientific community has served as one
of the channels through which critical information and know-how are
flowing to the Soviet Union and to other potential adversary
countries; openness in science is thus perceived to present
short-term national security risks in addition to its longer-term
national security benefits in improved U.S. military technology.
The Panel on Scientific Communication and National Security was
asked to examine the various aspects of the application of controls
to scientific communication and to suggest how to balance competing
national objectives so as to best serve the general welfare. The
Panel held three two-day meetings in Washington at which it was
briefed by representatives of the departments of Defense, State,
and Commerce, and by representatives of the intelligence community,
including the Central Intelligence Agency, the Federal Bureau of
Investigation, the Defense Intelligence Agency, and the National
Security Agency. The Panel also heard presentations by members of
the research community and by university representatives. In
addition to these briefings, the Rand Corporation prepared an
independent analysis of the transfer of sensitive technology from
the United States to the Soviet Union. To determine the views of
scientists and administrators at major research universities, the
Panel asked a group of faculty members and administrative officials
at Cornell University to prepare a paper incorporating their own
views and those of counterparts at other universities. The main
thrust of the Panel's findings is completely reflected in this
document. However, the Panel has also produced a classified version
of the subpanel report based on the secret intelligence information
it was given; this statement is available at the Academy to those
with the appropriate security clearance.
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