For over a century, dark visions of moral collapse and social
disintegration in American cities spurred an anxious middle class
to search for ways to restore order. In this important book, Paul
Boyer explores the links between the urban reforms of the
Progressive era and the long efforts of prior generations to tame
the cities. He integrates the ideologies of urban crusades with an
examination of the careers and the mentalities of a group of
vigorous activists, including Lyman Beecher; the pioneers of the
tract societies and Sunday schools; Charles Loring Brace of the
Children's Aid Society; Josephine Shaw Lowell of the Charity
Organization movement; the father of American playgrounds, Joseph
Lee; and the eloquent city planner Daniel Hudson Burnham.
Boyer describes the early attempts of Jacksonian evangelicals
to recreate in the city the social equivalent of the morally
homogeneous village; he also discusses later strategies that tried
to exert a moral influence on urban immigrant families by
voluntarist effort, including, for instance, the Charity
Organizations' "friendly visitors." By the 1890s there had
developed two sharply divergent trends in thinking about urban
planning and social control: the bleak assessment that led to
coercive strategies and the hopeful evaluation that emphasized the
importance of environmental betterment as a means of urban moral
control.
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