Despite western Europe's traditional disdain for the United
States' "adversarial legalism," the European Union is shifting
toward a very similar approach to the law, according to Daniel
Kelemen. Coining the term "eurolegalism" to describe the hybrid
that is now developing in Europe, he shows how the political and
organizational realities of the EU make this shift inevitable.
The model of regulatory law that had long predominated in
western Europe was more informal and cooperative than its American
counterpart. It relied less on lawyers, courts, and private
enforcement, and more on opaque networks of bureaucrats and other
interests that developed and implemented regulatory policies in
concert. European regulators chose flexible, informal means of
achieving their objectives, and counted on the courts to challenge
their decisions only rarely. Regulation through litigation-central
to the U.S. model-was largely absent in Europe.
But that changed with the advent of the European Union. Kelemen
argues that the EU's fragmented institutional structure and the
priority it has put on market integration have generated political
incentives and functional pressures that have moved EU policymakers
to enact detailed, transparent, judicially enforceable rules-often
framed as "rights"-and back them with public enforcement litigation
as well as enhanced opportunities for private litigation by
individuals, interest groups, and firms.
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