A series of humanitarian tragedies in the 1990s (Somalia,
Rwanda, Srebrenica, Kosovo) demonstrated the international
community's failure to protect civilians in the context of complex
emergencies. They were the inspiration for two norms of protection,
Responsibility to Protect (R2P) and Protection of Civilians (POC),
both deeply rooted in the empathy that human beings have for the
suffering of innocent people. Both norms have achieved high-level
endorsement: R2P from the 2005 World Summit and its Outcome
document (Art. 138-140) and POC from a series of Security Council
resolutions. The two norms of protection were instrumental in
adopting the Security Council Resolutions 1970 and 1973 (Libya) and
1975 (Cote d'Ivoire) in the year 2011.
Both norms raise concerns of misinterpretation and misuse. They
both are developing --sometimes in parallel, sometimes diverging,
and sometimes converging --with varying degrees of
institutionalization and acceptance. This process is likely to
continue for some time, with successes and failures enhancing or
retarding that development. This book engages in a profound
comparative analysis of the two norms and aims to serve
policymakers at different levels (national, regional, and UN),
practitioners with protective roles (force commanders, military
trainers, strategists, and humanitarian actors), academics and
researchers (in international relations, law, political theory, and
ethics), civil society, and R2P and POC advocates.
General
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