Shrinking feature size and diminishing supply voltage are making
circuits sensitive to supply voltage fluctuations within the
microprocessor, caused by normal workload activity changes. If left
unattended, voltage fluctuations can lead to timing violations or
even transistor lifetime issues that degrade processor robustness.
Mechanisms that learn to tolerate, avoid, and eliminate voltage
fluctuations based on program and microarchitectural events can
help steer the processor clear of danger, thus enabling tighter
voltage margins that improve performance or lower power
consumption. We describe the problem of voltage variation and the
factors that influence this variation during processor design and
operation. We also describe a variety of runtime hardware and
software mitigation techniques that either tolerate, avoid, and/or
eliminate voltage violations. We hope processor architects will
find the information useful since tolerance, avoidance, and
elimination are generalizable constructs that can serve as a basis
for addressing other reliability challenges as well. Table of
Contents: Introduction / Modeling Voltage Variation / Understanding
the Characteristics of Voltage Variation / Traditional Solutions
and Emerging Solution Forecast / Allowing and Tolerating Voltage
Emergencies / Predicting and Avoiding Voltage Emergencies /
Eliminiating Recurring Voltage Emergencies / Future Directions on
Resiliency
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