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What was the relationship between power and the public sphere in
early modern society? How did the printed media inform this
relationship? Contributors to this volume address those questions
by examining the interaction of print and power in France and
England during the 'hand-press period'. Four interconnected and
overlapping themes emerge from these studies, showing the essential
historical and contextual considerations shaping the strategies
both of power and of those who challenged it via the written word
during this period. The first is reading and control, which
examines the relationship between institutional power and readers,
either as individuals or as a group. A second is propaganda on
behalf of institutional power, and the ways in which such writings
engage with the rhetorics of power and their reception. The Academy
constitutes a third theme, in which contributors explore the
economic and political implications of publishing in the context of
intellectual elites. The last theme is clientism and faction, which
examines the competing political discourses and pressures which
influenced widely differing forms of publication. From these
articles there emerges a global view of the relationship between
print and power, which takes the debate beyond the narrowly
theoretical to address fundamental questions of how print sought to
challenge, or reinforce, existing power-structures, both from
within and from without.
Examining the concepts of 'ethics' and 'justice' as they apply to
the environment, this book starts from the observation that
environmental ethics and environmental justice appear to have few
points of contact. It attempts to find a common ground between
these two strands and so to develop a unified statement of justice
for the environment that includes the insights of both approaches.
Adrian Armstrong argues that the standard account of justice is too
anthropocentric, and attempts to provide an alternative account of
justice, based on Nussbaum's capabilities approach, in which the
needs of animals, ecosystems and the earth are identified and given
moral consideration. Although the two movements do not come
together at the theoretical level, this book shows that they do so
at the grass roots activist level, and provides a review of the
extent to which the environmental justice movement - primarily an
American phenomenon - can be used to inform environmental ethical
approaches suitable for use in resolving current issues. Beyond
identifying justice, practical considerations require rules for the
resolutions of conflicts of interest, particularly between human
and environmental needs. Thus Ethics and Justice for the
Environment explores the value of the approach by considering three
areas of applicability: climate change and energy use; human
relations with animals, and direct protest action.
Examining the issues of ethics and justice as they apply to the
environment, this book starts from the observation that the
parallel expositions of environmental ethics and environmental
justice appear to have few points of contact. Environmental justice
is highly politicized and concerned with human access to the
environment and the unequal exposure to environmental pollution. It
grew out of the US civil rights movement, the liberal tradition of
rights, and Rawls description of justice as fairness. It is thus
almost exclusively anthropocentric, and does not address the
question of justice for the environment. By contrast environmental
ethical studies are a wide ranging collection of approaches that
are concerned with caring for the earth, and the justifications for
it, but rarely consider the issue of justice. Although the two
movements do not come together at the theoretical level, they do so
at the grass roots activist level. An essential component of this
study is thus to consider both the issues of grass roots action,
and the application of the methods to actual case studies.
This book finds a common ground between these two strands and so to
develop a unified statement of justice for the environment that
includes the insights of both approaches, particularly based on the
'capability ideas of justice' developed by Martha Nussbaum.
In recent years, literary scholars have come increasingly to
acknowledge that an adequate understanding of texts requires the
study of books, the material objects through which the meanings of
texts are constructed. Focusing on French poetry in the period
1400-1600, contributors to this volume analyze layout,
illustration, graphology, paratext, typography, anthologization,
and other such elements in works by a variety of writers, among
them Charles d'Orleans, Jean Bouchet, Pierre de Ronsard and Louise
Labe. They demonstrate how those elements play a crucial role in
shaping the relationships between authors, texts, contexts, and
readers, and how these relationships change as the nature of the
book evolves. An introduction to the volume outlines the
methodological implications of studying the materiality of
literature in this period; situates the various papers in relation
to each other and to the field as a whole; and indicates possible
future directions of research in the field. By engaging with issues
of major current methodological concern, this volume appeals to all
scholars interested in the materiality of the literary text,
including the burgeoning field of text-image studies, not only in
French but also in other national literatures. In addition, it
enables fruitful connections to be made between late-medieval and
Renaissance literature, areas still often studied in isolation from
each other.
This study examines the work of three fifteenth- and sixteenth-century French poets. It focuses on developments in the presentation of their poetry. As printed books came to replace manuscripts, features such as layout and illustration evolved. These changes reflect shifts in literary style and technique, under the influence of printing.
In the later Middle Ages, many writers claimed that prose is
superior to verse as a vehicle of knowledge because it presents the
truth in an unvarnished form, without the distortions of meter and
rhyme. Beginning in the thirteenth century, works of verse
narrative from the early Middle Ages were recast in prose, as if
prose had become the literary norm. Instead of dying out, however,
verse took on new vitality. In France verse texts were produced, in
both French and Occitan, with the explicit intention of
transmitting encyclopedic, political, philosophical, moral,
historical, and other forms of knowledge.
In Knowing Poetry, Adrian Armstrong and Sarah Kay explore why
and how verse continued to be used to transmit and shape knowledge
in France. They cover the period between Jean de Meun's Roman de la
rose (c. 1270) and the major work of Jean Bouchet, the last of the
grands rhetoriqueurs (c. 1530). The authors find that the advent of
prose led to a new relationship between poetry and knowledge in
which poetry serves as a medium for serious reflection and
self-reflection on subjectivity, embodiment, and time. They propose
that three major works the Roman de la rose, the Ovide moralise,
and Boethius' Consolation of Philosophy form a single influential
matrix linking poetry and intellectual inquiry, metaphysical
insights, and eroticized knowledge. The trio of
thought-world-contingency, poetically represented by Philosophy,
Nature, and Fortune, grounds poetic exploration of reality, poetry,
and community."
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