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The book reviews the state-of-the art methods developed and used to
remove heavy metals. It presents both industrial waste and mineral
based adsorbent as well as bio waste materials making the book
absolutely a source of low cost methods available till date.
This book discusses the various open issues of blockchain
technology, such as the efficiency of blockchain in different
domains of digital cryptocurrency, smart contracts, smart education
system, smart cities, cloud identity and access, safeguard to
cybersecurity and health care. For the first time in human history,
people across the world can trust each other and transact over a
large peer-to-peer networks without any central authority. This
proves that, trust can be built not only by centralized institution
but also by protocols and cryptographic mechanisms. The potential
and collaboration between organizations and individuals within peer
networks make it possible to potentially move to a global
collaborative network without centralization. Blockchain is a
complex social, economic and technological phenomenon. This
questions what the established terminologies of the modern world
like currency, trust, economics and exchange would mean. To make
any sense, one needs to realize how much insightful and potential
it is in the context and the way it is technically developed. Due
to rapid changes in accessing the documents through online
transactions and transferring the currency online, many previously
used methods are proving insufficient and not secure to solve the
problem which arises in the safe and hassle-free transaction.
Nowadays, the world changes rapidly, and a transition flow is also
seen in Business Process Management (BPM). The traditional Business
Process Management holds good establishment last one to two
decades, but, the internal workflow confined in a single
organization. They do not manage the workflow process and
information across organizations. If they do so, again fall in the
same trap as the control transfers to the third party that is
centralized server and it leads to tampering the data, and single
point of failure. To address these issues, this book highlights a
number of unique problems and effective solutions that reflects the
state-of-the art in blockchain Technology. This book explores new
experiments and yields promising solutions to the current
challenges of blockchain technology. This book is intended for the
researchers, academicians, faculties, scientists, blockchain
specialists, business management and software industry
professionals who will find it beneficial for their research work
and set new ideas in the field of blockchain. This book caters
research work in many fields of blockchain engineering, and it
provides an in-depth knowledge of the fields covered.
The book covers specific and selective reagents for the
determination of iron and copper by spectrophotometry. It provides
methods for each group or class of reagents, including conditions,
wavelength and interferences of other ions in samples. It is a
unique guide for researchers in analytical chemistry from
pharmaceutical to environmental monitoring laboratories working on
iron and copper based products.
The book provides a detailed state-of-the-art overview of inorganic
chemistry applied to medicinal chemistry and biology. It covers the
newly emerging field of metals in medicine and the future of
medicinal inorganic chemistry. Further it includes metal based
medicines used in alternative systems of Ayurveda as well as
Tibetan Zuotai to make it a holistic approach. It is an essential
reading for every researcher and student in medicinal and
bioinorganic chemistry.
Global population is mounting at an alarming stride to surpass 9.3
billion by 2050, whereas simultaneously the agricultural
productivity is gravely affected by climate changes resulting in
increased biotic and abiotic stresses. The genus Brassica belongs
to the mustard family whose members are known as cruciferous
vegetables, cabbages or mustard plants. Rapeseed-mustard is world's
third most important source of edible oil after soybean and oil
palm. It has worldwide acceptance owing to its rare combination of
health promoting factors. It has very low levels of saturated fatty
acids which make it the healthiest edible oil that is commonly
available. Apart from this, it is rich in antioxidants by virtue of
tocopherols and phytosterols presence in the oil. The high omega 3
content reduces the risk of atherosclerosis/heart attack.
Conventional breeding methods have met with limited success in
Brassica because yield and stress resilience are polygenic traits
and are greatly influenced by environment. Therefore, it is
imperative to accelerate the efforts to unravel the biochemical,
physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying yield, quality
and tolerance towards biotic and abiotic stresses in Brassica. To
exploit its fullest potential, systematic efforts are needed to
unlock the genetic information for new germplasms that tolerate
initial and terminal state heat coupled with moisture stress. For
instance, wild relatives may be exploited in developing
introgressed and resynthesized lines with desirable attributes.
Exploitation of heterosis is another important area which can be
achieved by introducing transgenics to raise stable CMS lines.
Doubled haploid breeding and marker assisted selection should be
employed along with conventional breeding. Breeding programmes aim
at enhancing resource use efficiency, especially nutrient and water
as well as adoption to aberrant environmental changes should also
be considered. Biotechnological interventions are essential for
altering the biosynthetic pathways for developing high oleic and
low linolenic lines. Accordingly, tools such as microspore and
ovule culture, embryo rescue, isolation of trait specific genes
especially for aphid, Sclerotinia and alternaria blight resistance,
etc. along with identification of potential lines based on genetic
diversity can assist ongoing breeding programmes. In this book, we
highlight the recent molecular, genetic and genomic interventions
made to achieve crop improvement in terms of yield increase,
quality and stress tolerance in Brassica, with a special emphasis
in Rapeseed-mustard.
Valorization of Wastes for Sustainable Development: Waste to Wealth
highlights the various valorization of organic and non-organic
waste to offer a way forward to a sustainable world. Categorizing
the various types of waste valorization for renewable fuel
production and other valorizations utilizing organic and
non-organic waste, this book offers the reader a comprehensive view
of various waste valorizations together with their potential
applications. Split into four sections, the book's chapters cover
the general scenarios and challenges of current waste management
and the valorization of waste specifically for renewable fuels as
the alternative energy source to depleting fossil fuels. Other
chapters cover waste valorizations categorized into organic and
non-organic waste for various applications and the future prospect
of waste valorizations with possible plans and strategies for
effective global waste management.
This book caters to the need of researchers working in the
ever-evolving field of agricultural biotechnology. It discusses and
provides in-depth information about latest advancements happening
in this field. The book discusses evolution of plant tissue culture
techniques, development of doubled haploids technology, role of
recombinant-DNA technology in crop improvement. It also provides an
insight into the global status of genetically modified crops, use
of RNAi technology and mi-RNAs in plant improvement. Chapters are
also dedicated for different branches of 'omics' science including
genomics, bioinformatics, proteomics, metabolomics and phenomics
along with the use of molecular markers in tagging and mapping of
various genes/QTLs of agronomic importance. This book also covers
the role of enzymes and microbes in agriculture in productivity
enhancement. It is of interest to teachers, researchers of
biotechnology and agriculture scientists. Also the book serves as
additional reading material for undergraduate and postgraduate
students of biotechnology, agriculture, horticulture, forestry,
ecology, soil science, and environmental sciences. National and
international biotechnologists and agricultural scientists will
also find this to be a useful read.
This important text/reference presents the first dedicated review
of techniques for contactless 3D fingerprint identification,
including novel and previously unpublished research. The text
provides a systematic introduction to 3D fingerprint
identification, covering the latest advancements in contactless 2D
and 3D sensing technologies, and detailed discussions on each key
aspect in the development of an effective 3D fingerprint
identification system. Topics and features: introduces the key
concepts and trends in the acquisition and identification of
fingerprint images, and a range of 3D fingerprint imaging
techniques; proposes a low-cost method for online 3D fingerprint
image acquisition, and an efficient 3D fingerprint imaging approach
using coloured photometric stereo; describes pre-processing
operations on point cloud 3D fingerprint data, and explains the
specialized operations for reconstructing 3D fingerprints from live
finger scans; examines the representation of minutiae in 3D space,
providing details on recovering these features from point cloud
data, and on matching such 3D minutiae templates; reviews various
3D fingerprint matching methods, including binary surface
code-based approaches and a tetrahedron-based matching approach;
discusses the uniqueness of 3D fingerprints, evaluating the
benefits of employing 3D fingerprint identification over
conventional 2D fingerprint techniques. This unique work is a
must-read for all researchers seeking to make further advances in
this area, towards the exciting opportunities afforded by
contactless 3D fingerprint identification for improving the
hygiene, user convenience, and matching accuracy of fingerprint
biometric technologies.
This book covers both theory and applications in the automation of
software testing tools and techniques for various types of software
(e.g. object-oriented, aspect-oriented, and web-based software).
When software fails, it is most often due to lack of proper and
thorough testing, an aspect that is even more acute for
object-oriented, aspect-oriented, and web-based software. Further,
since it is more difficult to test distributed and service-oriented
architecture-based applications, there is a pressing need to
discuss the latest developments in automated software testing. This
book discusses the most relevant issues, models, tools, challenges,
and applications in automated software testing. Further, it brings
together academic researchers, scientists, and engineers from a
wide range of industrial application areas, who present their
latest findings and identify future challenges in this fledging
research area.
With oil resources approaching their limits, biofuels have become
increasingly attractive. This book provides a detailed description
of the ecological implications of second and third generation
biofuel feedstock production systems, beginning with an
introduction to the importance of ecological sustainability
alongside economic viability. The book is divided into sections
describing theoretical foundation and benefits of various biofuel
cropping systems, and providing a description of practical
ecological limitations to achieve those fundamental benefits. The
book covers such critical issues as greenhouse gas emissions,
carbon balance, water cycle components, other biogeochemical and
socioeconomic interactions alongside life cycle analysis principals
for achieving sustainability. These are some of the most important
sustainability, environmental and economic issues which biofuel
industry and scientific community is seeking answers to.
The capability to generate potable water from polluted sources is
growing in importance as pharmaceuticals, microplastics and waste
permeate our soil. Nanotechnology allows for improvements in water
remediation technologies by taking advantage of the unique
properties of materials at this small scale.
This book presents the current knowledge about superconductivity in
high Tc cuprate superconductors. There is a large scientific
interest and great potential for technological applications. The
book discusses all the aspects related to all families of cuprate
superconductors discovered so far. Beginning with the phenomenon of
superconductivity, the book covers: the structure of cuprate HTSCs,
critical currents, flux pinning, synthesis of HTSCs, proximity
effect and SQUIDs, possible applications of high Tc superconductors
and theories of superconductivity. Though a high Tc theory is still
awaited, this book describes the present scenario and BCS and RVB
theories. The second edition was significantly extended by
including film-substrate lattice matching and buffer layer
considerations in thin film HTSCs, brick-wall microstructure in the
epitaxial films, electronic structure of the CuO2 layer in
cuprates, s-wave and d-wave coupling in HTSCs and possible
scenarios of theories of high Tc superconductivity.
This new edition is a concise guide to contact lens fitting for
optometrists and trainees. Beginning with an introduction to
contact lenses and the pre-contact lens fitting eye examination,
making sure a patient is suitable for wearing contact lenses, the
following chapters describe the fitting of different types of
corrective lenses - soft, toric and rigid gas permeable. Separate
chapters examine the use of therapeutic contact lenses, used to
protect the eye whilst it heals after injury or infection, rather
than to correct vision; and lenses for presbyopia, age-related
long-sightedness. The second edition has been fully revised to
provide clinicians with the latest information in the field, and
also includes a new chapter on 'Sports and Contact Lenses'. The
text is enhanced by images an illustrations, as well as
problem-solving MCQs, and comprehensive appendices and bibliography
sections. Key points Concise guide to contact lens fitting for
optometrists and trainees Fully revised, second edition featuring
new chapter on 'Sports and Contact Lenses' Describes various types
of corrective lenses - soft, toric and rigid gas permeable Previous
edition (9789350909744) published in 2014
This book reviews the HL-LHC experiments and the fourth-generation
photon science experiments, discussing the latest radiation
hardening techniques, optimization of device & process
parameters using TCAD simulation tools, and the experimental
characterization required to develop rad-hard Si detectors for
x-ray induced surface damage and bulk damage by hadronic
irradiation. Consisting of eleven chapters, it introduces various
types of strip and pixel detector designs for the current upgrade,
radiation, and dynamic range requirement of the experiments, and
presents an overview of radiation detectors, especially Si
detectors. It also describes the design of pixel detectors,
experiments and characterization of Si detectors. The book is
intended for researchers and master's level students with an
understanding of radiation detector physics. It provides a concept
that uses TCAD simulation to optimize the electrical performance of
the devices used in the harsh radiation environment of the
colliders and at XFEL.
This book relates specifically to innovative antenna designs and
structures that are coupled to laptop computer devices keeping in
mind to design miniaturized antenna which can be integrated inside
systems. It provides insight on designed miniaturized monopole
antennas for laptop computers with dual/triple band operations,
performance enhancement, wider bandwidth, and increased data rate
without using any additional hardware, lumped elements or vias. It
includes design considerations for developing antennas for portable
devices along with case studies. Features: Includes designed
miniaturized monopole antennas for laptop computers with
dual/triple band operations, performance enhancement, wider
bandwidth and increased data rate. Explores the design of
equivalent circuit diagrams of the proposed antenna. Presents
integration of designed antennas into laptop for the validation of
desired outcome. Identifies and discusses technical challenges and
new results related to the design of 5G/WLAN antennas. Contains
graphical illustration, design steps, detail analysis of each step
along with proper justification. This book is aimed at graduate
students and researchers in electrical, electronics engineering,
antennas and wireless communication systems.
Retinoscopy is an eye exam that determines the refractive error of
the eye (long sighted, short sighted, astigmatism). A refraction
test indicates the strength of the prescription needed for glasses
or contact lenses. The new edition of this book provides a concise
overview of clinical refraction. Presented in an easy to read
format, it is divided into two main sections. The first part
explains basic clinical procedures for routine refraction,
beginning with an introduction to instruments and the procedure,
followed by aspects of the test for different disorders including
myopia (short sightedness), astigmatism, keratoconus and refraction
in children. Section two provides in depth discussion on
retinoscopy and correct use of the retinoscope. The second edition
has been fully revised and updated to explain the latest advances
in the field, and is further enhanced by clinical images and
figures. Key points Practical guide to clinical refraction and
retinoscopy Fully revised and updated second edition Explains basic
procedures and instruments for refraction test and refraction in
different ophthalmic disorders Previous edition (9789351520634)
published in 2014
Microbial Management of Plant Stresses: Current Trends, Application
and Challenges explores plant microbiota including isolated
microbial communities that have been used to study the functional
capacities, ecological structure and dynamics of the plant-microbe
interaction with focus on agricultural crops. Presenting multiple
examples and evidence of the potential genetic flexibility of
microbial systems to counteract the climate induced stresses
associated with their host as a part of indigenous system, this
book presents strategies and approaches for improvement of
microbiome. As climate changes have altered the global carbon
cycling and ecological dynamics, the regular and periodic
occurrences of severe salinity, drought, and heat stresses across
the different regimes of the agro-ecological zones have put
additional constraints on agricultural ecosystem to produce
efficient foods and other derived products for rapidly growing
world population through low cost and sustainable technology.
Furthermore chemical amendments, agricultural inputs and other
innovative technologies although may have fast results with
fruitful effects for enhancing crop productivity but also have
other ecological drawbacks and environmental issues and offer
limited use opportunities. Microbial formulations and/or microbial
consortia deploying two or multiple partners have been frequently
used for mitigation of various stresses, however, field success is
often variable and improvement Smart, knowledge-driven selection of
microorganisms is needed as well as the use of suitable delivery
approaches and formulations. Microbial Management of Plant
Stresses: Current Trends, Application and Challenges presents the
functional potential of plant microbiota to address current
challenges in crop production addressing this urgent need to bring
microbial innovations into practice.
This book covers recent advances in cyanobacterial research. It
deals with diversity, evolutionary biology, stress physiology,
molecular biology of stress responses, and biotechnology of this
group of prokaryotes. Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous and,
undoubtedly, agriculturally microorganisms in terms of carbon and
nitrogen fixation. In addition, cyanobacteria have long been used
to fertilize crops and are a source of protein for humans. In
parallel with the advances in cyanobacterial research in the 21st
century, the development and application of innovative techniques
in molecular biotechnology has widened the spectrum of commercial
applications and potential exploitation of cyanobacteria. This book
will be of interest to both new and experienced researchers
involved in cyanobacterial molecular biology, ecology, and
industrial biotechnology. This collection of chapters from experts
also serves as essential reading for undergraduate and graduate
students of to understand the importance of cyanobacteria in
agriculture, ecology, microbial physiology, and environmental
sciences.
This book is exploring molecular insight of plant disease
resistance, enhancing plant immunity as well as the latest omics or
approaches in plant disease management. In the recent past,
microbial strains or products frequently utilized to inhibit the
growth of phytopathogen and disease management. However, it
is well known that plants respond to numerous biotic and abiotic
stresses by morphological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms.
But still there is much more to study about their molecular aspect
of interaction between host- pathogens- biocontrol agents that will
be helpful in formulation and applications of microbial
antagonistic for effective management of phytopathogens. This book
attempt to fill this gap in the literature.  This book
is of interest to teachers, researchers, agronomist,
horticulturalist scientists, capacity builders and policymakers.
Also the book serves as additional reading material for
undergraduate and graduate students of agriculture, microbiology,
environment science.
This book presents a complete state of the art for different types
of nanomaterial, their environmental fate, and their use in textile
waste remediation. Nano-engineered materials including
nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanotubes have been used extensively for
a variety of applications. Environmental concerns have been noted
mainly due to the discharge of textile waste. Nanotechnology is
fast growing on research and bringing sustainable solution in
minimizing the waste. This also minimizes the risk of exposure and
health hazards. With the development of industry, environmental
pollution and energy shortage have raised awareness of a potential
global crisis. So, it is urgent to develop a simple and effective
method to address these current issues. Nano-engineered materials
can be better solution in finding solution of environmental
sustainability more specific to the textile waste remediation.
Nano-engineered materials have emerged as pioneering photocatalysts
and account for most of the current research in this area. This can
provide large surface areas, diverse morphologies, abundant surface
states, and easy device modeling, all of which are properties
beneficial to photodegradation. Furthermore, the stability and cost
of nano-engineered materials are critical factors. Therefore, it is
a challenge of great importance to identify and design
nano-engineered materials that are efficient, stable, and abundant
for the remediation of textile waste.
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