In this book, the authors gather and present current research in the study of the types, threats and management of pine forests. Topics discussed include the sustainability of harvested stands of ponderosa pine forests; climatic and anthropogenic threats to the semi-arid inner Asian pine forests; fructification and species conservation on pinus halepensis Mill forests in Tunisia; evapotranspiration in pinus sylvestris and pinus uncinata forest plots from a water balance component measurement; genetics studies of the Brazilian pine forest ecosystem; potential carbon sequestraion for forest soils under pinus halepensis using RothC models and pine forest species and threats in Israel.

A nanoparticle (which historically has included nanopowder, nanoclusters, and nanocrystals) is a small particle with at least one dimension less than 100 mm. A nanoparticle is an amorphous or semicrystalline zero dimensional (OD)nano structure with at least one dimension between 10 and 100nm and a relatively large size dispersion. Nanoparticle research is currently an area of intense scientific research, due to a wide variety of potential applications in biomedical, optical, and electronic fields. This book provides leading-edge research from around the globe in this field.