Toxicity tests on laboratory animals are conducted to evaluate chemicals including medicines, food additives, and industrial, consumer, and agricultural chemicals for their potential to cause cancer, birth defects, and other adverse health effects. Information from toxicity testing serves as an important part of the basis for public health and regulatory decisions concerning toxic chemicals. This book covers various types of toxicity tests which are routinely performed by pharmaceutical manufacturers in the investigation of a new drug involving acute, sub acute and chronic toxicity. All these definitive tests indicate the amount of toxicity presented by the sample. Additionally, the results of a toxicity testing may be measured as either an acute response such as mortality or a chronic response such as growth or reproductive effects.

This book provides an in - depth coverage of fundamental principles, methods and applications of software engineering. Taking into account the needs of students and practitioners, the book aims at painting a pragmatic picture of Software Engineering methods and tools. Our association with the software industry tells us that there exists a substantial difference between classroom study and the practical industrial application. Therefore, earnest efforts have been made in this book to bridge the gap between theory and practical applications. The subject matter is well supported by examples representing the situations that are actually faces during the software development process.