Exploring the profound differences between what the military services believe-and how they uniquely serve the nation. When the US military confronts pressing security challenges, the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps often react differently as they advise and execute civilian defense policies. Conventional wisdom holds that these dynamics tend to reflect a competition for prestige, influence, and dollars. Such interservice rivalries, however, are only a fraction of the real story. In Four Guardians, Jeffrey W. Donnithorne argues that the services act instead as principled agents, interpreting policies in ways that reflect their unique cultures and patterns of belief. Chapter-length portraits of each service highlight the influence of operational environment ("nature") and political history ("nurture") in shaping each service's cultural worldview. The book also offers two important case studies of civil-military policymaking: one, the little-known story of the creation of the Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force in the early 1980s; the other, the four-year political battle that led to the passage of the Goldwater-Nichols Act in 1986. Donnithorne uses these cases to demonstrate the principled agent framework in action while amply revealing the four services as distinctly different political actors. Combining crisp insight and empirical depth with engaging military history, Four Guardians provides practical utility for civil-military scholars, national security practitioners, and interested citizens alike. This timely work brings a new appreciation for the American military, the complex dynamics of civilian control, and the principled ways in which the four guardian services defend their nation.

Western Enterprise in Far Eastern Economic Development charts the activities of Western firms in China and Japan from the middle of the nineteenth century, when those countries were opened to foreign trade, until recently. The organization of the Western business undertakings, the types of firms concerned and relations between the Westerners and the Japanese and Chinese economies are all discussed. Among the economic activities covered are: merchant banking, finance, manufacturing, mining, shipping and domestic transport. A dominant theme is the contrast presented by China and Japan in their response to Western enterprise.

This book demonstrates exact scholarship (and an) understanding of the way in which business works...(it has) a capacity to reduce a mass of apparently unrelated facts into the neat shape of theory."The Economist Describing and analyzing the part played by Western firms and governments in the economic development of Indonesia and Malaysia, the period covered by this survey extends from the early decades of the nineteenth century to the 1950s. Special attention is given to the changes that have taken place since the Second World War. The intricate economic relations between Westerners and Asians, and the results of changes in those relations are fully discussed. Comparisons and contrasts with the economic activities of Westerners in the development of China and Japan are also examined.

First published in 1967. Based on original Chinese sources, including the press and government documents, this book describes the operation of the Chinese economy in the twentieth century. Certain trends become apparent, notably the extent to which China's economic life is decentralized and the tendency towards self-sufficiency within provinces and smaller administrative units. Among the topics covered are: Agriculture, the organization of large and small scale industry, mining and transport, management and labour in state enterprises. The fiscal system, together with the operation of the banks and the control of currency, credit and prices, and economic planning are also discussed.

Exploring the profound differences between what the military services believe-and how they uniquely serve the nation. When the US military confronts pressing security challenges, the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps often react differently as they advise and execute civilian defense policies. Conventional wisdom holds that these dynamics tend to reflect a competition for prestige, influence, and dollars. Such interservice rivalries, however, are only a fraction of the real story. In Four Guardians, Jeffrey W. Donnithorne argues that the services act instead as principled agents, interpreting policies in ways that reflect their unique cultures and patterns of belief. Chapter-length portraits of each service highlight the influence of operational environment ("nature") and political history ("nurture") in shaping each service's cultural worldview. The book also offers two important case studies of civil-military policymaking: one, the little-known story of the creation of the Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force in the early 1980s; the other, the four-year political battle that led to the passage of the Goldwater-Nichols Act in 1986. Donnithorne uses these cases to demonstrate the principled agent framework in action while amply revealing the four services as distinctly different political actors. Combining crisp insight and empirical depth with engaging military history, Four Guardians provides practical utility for civil-military scholars, national security practitioners, and interested citizens alike. This timely work brings a new appreciation for the American military, the complex dynamics of civilian control, and the principled ways in which the four guardian services defend their nation.

The Anti-Atlas, by Morocco Rock, is the latest selected climbs guide to Morocco's winter sun trad climbing destination, featuring the very best routes to be found in the region around the busy market town of Tafraout, and only a couple of hours from Agadir airport. This revised and updated guide documents a colossal 1700 routes on over 100 crags, including many new developments in this, now established, quartzite paradise. The book features new cliffs in the mighty Amaghouz Gorge on the western fringes, as well as new discoveries in every major area throughout the guide, and also includes the granite boulders and outcrops around Tafraout, which have a mixture of trad and sport climbing. The area should appeal to all climbers with a sense of adventure, and especially to those wanting to experience a change of culture, and it is already becoming an extremely popular destination worldwide. Modern, colourful topos and inspiring action photography compliment the user-friendly maps and crag table, facilitating swift and easy crag and route choice. There are now 9 major areas to choose from, including a selection of varied length walks at the end of each section, to keep any stalwarts entertained on a `rest day'. No adverts also mean that this guidebook is packed full of information from cover to cover, including state of the art smartphone navigation to the parking spots via satellite co-ordination. The beautiful and rugged mountain terrain is surprisingly quick and easy to access, many of the cliffs within twenty minutes walk from the road, giving much of the climbing here a distinctly `cragging' feel, akin to that to be found in many areas of the UK. There is everything in this guide, from big mountain days on multi pitch routes, to roadside single pitch cragging, predominantly on perfect, sun-baked, golden quartzite. The fantastic eastern culture and warm winter sunshine, from September right through to May, together with the diversity of extraordinary adventures to be had, make this area a very special place in which to climb.