Grazing animals under natural conditions obtain their minerals nutrition from plants. Insufficient amount of mineral intake decreases the productivity in animals. For the proper diet it is essential to maintain the minerals level of animals' body, forages and soil, which are the main sources of minerals for the nutrition of the livestock. Growth and health of livestock are considerably affected due to malnutrition. Presently we are facing accumulation of heavy metals including zinc, nickel, cadmium, lead, chromium, copper and cobalt in the soil and water pollution. The mineral concentration is a basic tool for determining the mineral status of livestock and food by which various measures for supplementation to ruminants could be adopted. The goal of present study was to find out the mineral deficiencies or excesses for grazing livestock so that the forages can meet requirements for better productivity of livestock. These suggestions would not only be useful for livestock owners in Pakistan but also helpful for the natives of neighbouring Asian countries having similar ecological conditions in order to implement effective mineral supplementation strategy by different agencies.

Different fodder species were collected from various fields of (Sargodha, Punjab) Pakistan irrigated with different water treatments. The samples were scitifically treated and statistically analyzed. Mineral levels in different forage species were analyzed with the help of atomic absorption spectrophotometer and flame photometer. Importance of the nutritive elements of various forages for grazing livestock was kept in view with a prime concern to improve the productivity thereof. Also the effect of sewage water on the mineral concentration in the forage species was closely observed in this study in order to assess the critical values below which deficiency or above which toxicity of the elements migt occur. If forage mineral concentrations are below the minimum requirement or above the tolerance level then certainly there would be a need for an effective mineral supplementation strategy. Information gathered could be useful for successful management of grazing livestock with similar ecological conditions where forages are the sole source of mineral nutrition for animals grazing on it.Different agencies can utilize these findings and suggestions for better productivity of livestock.

The Punjab has diverse vegetation types occurring in isolated patches like graveyards, forest plantation and prohibited areas under armed forces and salinity/ sodicity affected soils. Desert and semi-desert vegetations occur in Cholistan and Thar areas, the mountain regions of Punjab and edges of Suleman Range near Rajan Pur have hot mountainous type vegetation. The southern edge of the Potohar Plateau is demarcated by famous salt range of Pakistan. Findings exhibited that how water table, drought, aridity, manmade deforestation, over/ uncontrolled grazing and browsing wiped out the precious plant and algal diversity. This valley needs conservation by adopting different measures and joint efforts of local people, the Government and NGOs. Furthermore, in this study the threatening categories of plant species are identified and also grouped into different biological classes. The species, which are important for ecosystems like endemic and keystone, are given priority for said conservation campaign. This study would lay a foundation for conservation of natural habitat of non-conventional leguminous forage and fodder treasures that is under alarming threats.

One can forecast wave climate for availability of living treasures to avoid famines and for ship routing to avoid navigational disasters. Study of wave climate is helpful for planning and development of coastal areas, off-shore petroleum explorations, marine mining and marine engineering. Very little work has been done in the northern Arabian Sea. Availability of instrumentally measured waves around whole of the Arabian Sea is very limited. Neither such data are available in published literature nor can it be obtained elsewhere. Data for the analysis of wave pattern have been collected with the collaboration of the Hydrography Department, Port Qasim Authority during southwest monsoon season only as in the northeast monsoon no noticeable waves are formed except ripples. Present work is not only useful for Port Qasim but also constitutes an account of the wave climate for this region. Marine activities like offshore mineral and oil exploration, utilization of water and energy, designing and construction of marine structures and harbours, shipping and naval activities require accurate information on wave climatology, which is now available in this monograph.

Over the last several years, the use of synthetic and imported pesticides in agriculture has been increased exponentially. Among such pesticides permethrin is being used against the crop pests, which pollutes water bodies and bioaccumulates in fish. To prevent this poisoning, the most vulnerable fish Cyprinus carpio was selected to adopt a pragmatic approach for replacing much expensive and highly toxic pesticide with an alternate, natural, indigenous and less toxic phytopesticide. In predetermined LC50 of both the pesticides significance of enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP, ChE) activities showed alternation in various organs of fish fry and adult providing evidence that permethrin pollution might have an adverse effect on the reproduction and development of carp that should be taken into account when spraying it on agricultural areas near aquatic ecosystem. This monograph vehemently advocates the opening of new vistas of cost-effective and fish-friendly agricultural and domestic pesticide for farmers, aqua-culturists, fish physiologists, food scientists and environmentalists. It requires feedback from all concerned to include it into a national conservation strategy.

The relationship between academic achievements of students and the family socioeconomic status (SES) has been well established according to an educational or sociological research. In the low SES families the influence of educational outcomes has significant dimension. This study exhibits new results from a sample of sufficient number of students belonging to different backgrounds of urban and rural areas. It supports economic and social components of the socioeconomic status equation that imposes dissimilar influences on educational outcomes. Families having high socioeconomic status most of the time demonstrate greater success towards preparation of their young for college as they have an access to resources to promote and support development of their children.

Nature has bestowed Pakistan with plentiful resources including algae, which are being utilised for the extraction of metals, phycocolloids, oil, cholesterol free protein and fertilisers. Algae have attracted pharmaceutical and synthesis industries for their commercial exploitation. These organisms include essential fatty acids (EFAs) such as linoleic, arachidonic, linolenic, -linolenic acids etc. that must be in diet for healthy growth. These acids cannot be synthesized fast enough by body to meet needs. Present research work aimed at isolation and characterisation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids from seaweeds and freshwater algae collected from the Karachi coast of northern Arabian Sea as well as various areas of the Sindh Province, Pakistan. This book exhibits comparison of fatty acid composition between various algal phyla, different classes and orders as well as the inhabitants of marine, brackish water and freshwater environments. Such an extensive account of fatty acids with updated references will not only be valuable for a wide range of enthusiastic researchers but also inspire prosperous industrialists to extract economically important fatty acids at large scale.