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Bacteria are those organisms which are single cell and they are not
seen through naked eye they are only seen when microscope is used.
The shape and size of bacteria are different and are measured in
micrometer. Healthy humans are the reservoir and source of
production of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli. The objective
of this work is to define more precisely the role of traditional
food ingredients in promoting the growth of acid resistant Coli
form bacteria in human beings. Different food samples of Yogurt,
Dahi bhallay and Fruit chart were taken in measured quantity in
sterilized tubes and were soon be transported to lab. Different
dilutions were prepared in sterile water. Initially the material
was homogenized in measured amount of sterile water. The diluted
portion of the suspensions of the samples was exposed to different
concentration of Hydro caloric acid for different periods of time.
Then the aliquots were spread over EMB agar plates which were
subsequently incubated at 37 degree centigrade. Then colonies of
Coliform bacteria were counted and acid resistance of the exposed
bacteria was further worked out.
The dilemma of the environmental pollution on the grounds of
indispensable industrial growth is, in realistic terms, the problem
of dispensation of industrial waste, whether; it is in liquid,
solid or gaseous form. These all three forms of wastes have a
potential to pollute the water. These heavy metals have a damaging
affect on plants and can pose health hazards to the humans and
animals. Microorganisms have the ability to accommodate a variety
of pollutants, both inorganic and organic. It is important to
realize that microorganisms cannot destroy metals but have the
ability to bind metal ions present in the external environment at
the cell surface or to transport them into the cell for various
intracellular functions. The removal of metals from distinct
aqueous streams by biosorption and bioaccumulation has received
significant attention. copper is one of the toxic heavy metals and
bacteria resistant to copper have four main genes copA, copB copC
and copD these genes help the bacteria to sequester copper from the
outside environment.
Synthetic insecticides has long been involved in causing fetal
diseases to human beings as well as cattle. Importance of
biological control of insect pests is aan environment friendly
approach. With advances in biotechnology, recombinant bacteria and
other organisms are being developed for better control of insect
pests. Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) holds a central place among
biocontrol agents. BT produces parasporal crystal proteins (Cry
toxin) during sporulation phase of its growth. These toxins have
defined spectra of toxicity to the target insects only, without
doing any harm to friend insects. More than 260 Cry toxins have
been reported so far. Of which Cry2 is toxic to lepidopteran as
well as dipteran insects. When enters the insect midgut, the toxin
gets activated by proteases present in the insect midgut, make
holes in the gut, as a result insect loses homeostasis and
eventually die without feeding.
A novel ELT resource for language specialists and teachers across
the world, this selection of papers is a collection of the most
compelling and innovative ideas presented at a seminar hosted by
the Centre of English Language, Aga Khan University, Pakistan, in
January 2011, entitled 'ELT in a Changing World: Innovative
Approaches to New Challenges'. The book is divided into three
sections, the first of which is 'Global change and language
learning'. This section offers a guided tour of language teaching
evolution, highlighting the merits of enhanced language awareness,
self-immersive and input/output-based learning, and innovative
pedagogical interventions. Section Two, 'Developments in Second
Language theory and practice in Pakistan', reveals the findings of
the latest research conducted in Pakistan on language policy
scholarship, the development of traditional and e-learning
environments, the relationship between language learning and
immigration opportunities, and the impact of language ideologies on
individual identities. Section Three, 'Learning innovations',
discusses the need for change and fresh approaches to English
language education, and highlights the efforts made within the
context of Pakistan to ensure the successful implementation of
holistic, needs-based and socially driven curricula. Highly
readable and virtually jargon free, the book will prove to be an
excellent resource for those seeking up-to-date information on the
teaching of English in Pakistan and other related parts of the
developing world today.
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