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Since the discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) some twenty years ago by
Victor Ambros, David Baulcombe and Gary Ruvkun, these three
scientists worked to uncover the mystery of miRNA, the small
segments of nucleotides that silence genes. While studying the
development of the nematode worm, Ambros and Ruvkun discovered
miRNA in animals, while Baulcombe discovered it in plants. Since
their discovery, it took more than two decade to fully appreciate
the value of miRNA in human health and diseases. Emerging evidence
suggest that the activation of oncogenes and/or the inactivation of
tumor suppressor genes contribute to the development and
progression of tumors. The regulation of genes is by far controlled
by many transcription factors which are often deregulated during
the development and progression of cancer. In addition, emerging
evidence clearly suggests that the deregulation of miRNAs or small
non-coding RNAs could also regulate the expression of genes, and
likewise, miRNA genes are also regulated by transcription factors.
The most attractive feature of miRNAs is that one miRNA can
regulate many target genes (mRNAs), and thus miRNA targeted therapy
is highly promising because multiple genes could be regulated by
targeting a single miRNA, which becomes very important for the
killing of highly heterogeneous populations of cancer cells within
a tumor mass. Therefore, miRNA targeted therapy is an attractive
attribute of miRNA research, which is covered through eighteen
chapters complied in this book "MicroRNA targeted Cancer therapy,"
and it is hoped that the field of miRNA research will be
appreciated through critical reading of these chapters on the
cutting-edge research on miRNAs.
This book is about Nutraceuticals in cancer therapy, specifically
targeted and Adjuvant therapy. It shows several approaches for
possibly reducing systemic toxicity. This book illustrates the role
of several dietary agents, collectively called nutraceuticals or
natural agents in the prevention and/or treatment of human
malignancies known to be mediated through alterations in multiple
molecular targets. This book contains sixteen chapters which begin
with historical perspective on the value of natural agents in the
prevention of human malignancies followed by a series of current
topics on multiple nutraceuticals targeting multiple cancers. This
collection would likely be useful for bringing newer generations
with broader perspectives in launching cutting-edge innovative
molecular research, which would certainly help in designing
targeted clinical trials in order to realize the dream of customize
strategies for the prevention and/or treatment of human
malignancies without causing any systemic toxicity. Moreover, the
knowledge gained would allow novel utilization of nutraceuticals as
adjunct to both conventional chemotherapy and radiation therapy in
order to improve the overall quality of life and survival of
patients diagnosed with cancers.
Overall, this book illustrates the complexities of the regulation
and deregulation of genes mediated through epigenetics in the
development and progression of human malignancies. All the articles
have been carefully chosen to represent several cancer systems with
state of our knowledge on the role of epigenetic deregulation of
microRNAs (miRNAs) and their target mRNAs along with epigenetic
deregulation of mRNAs. This book also illustrates the role of
several dietary agents, collectively called nutraceuticals or
natural agents in modulating the epigenetic reprogramming of miRNAs
and mRNAs for the prevention and/or treatment of human
malignancies. It is well known that genetic aberrations, especially
inherited through parents (somatic genetic alterations) contribute
to the development of less than 10% of all cancer yet epigenetic
alterations in genes especially through selective methylation and
acetylation appears to be responsible for the development and
progression of the vast majority of all cancers. Therefore,
understanding the role of epigenetics in the regulation of genes
especially through deregulated expression of miRNAs as presented in
this book will allow scientists to devise targeted therapeutic
strategies for re-expression of the lost genes or down-regulate the
genes that are over-expressed in order to eradicate cancer. It is
hoped that targeting epigenetics will not only target cancer cells
but it will also target the tumor microenvironment (more like the
entire tumor environment such as the entire host) for achieving
better treatment outcomes for patients diagnosed with cancer which
will lead to achieve the long-term objective for complete
eradication of cancer. This book contains fifteen chapters which
begins with the concept of systems and network biology for
investigating the epigenetics of cancer followed by a series of
articles on the role of miRNAs and their target genes in the
biology of pancreatic cancer and other cancers such as breast,
kidney, prostate and and colon. Since it is becoming increasingly
clear that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are important in the
development and progression of cancer, and CSCs are important in
therapeutic resistance, treatment failure and tumor recurrence,
thus the importance of CSCs and epigenetics has been highlighted by
a very timely article on epigenetic variations of stem cell markers
in cancer including miRNAs. Moreover, just targeting heterogeneous
cancer cell populations may not be optimal to eradicate tumors and
for which one must take a holistic approach for developing drugs
that could also target the tumor microenvironment and tumor
dormancy that are regulated through epigenetics. Keeping abreast
with this thought process the concluding chapter provides a concept
towards curative cancer therapy with maspin, which could be a
unique window of opportunity to target tumor dormancy. Therefore,
it suggest that targeting the tumor dormancy and the tumor
microenvironment using novel therapeutics specifically by targeting
epigenetics would become the future of medicine.
Since the discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) some twenty years ago by
Victor Ambros, David Baulcombe and Gary Ruvkun, these three
scientists worked to uncover the mystery of miRNA, the small
segments of nucleotides that silence genes. While studying the
development of the nematode worm, Ambros and Ruvkun discovered
miRNA in animals, while Baulcombe discovered it in plants. Since
their discovery, it took more than two decade to fully appreciate
the value of miRNA in human health and diseases. Emerging evidence
suggest that the activation of oncogenes and/or the inactivation of
tumor suppressor genes contribute to the development and
progression of tumors. The regulation of genes is by far controlled
by many transcription factors which are often deregulated during
the development and progression of cancer. In addition, emerging
evidence clearly suggests that the deregulation of miRNAs or small
non-coding RNAs could also regulate the expression of genes and
likewise, miRNA genes are also regulated by transcription factors.
The most attractive feature of miRNAs is that one miRNA can
regulate many target genes (mRNAs) and thus miRNA targeted therapy
is highly promising because multiple genes could be regulated by
targeting a single miRNA, which becomes very important for the
killing of highly heterogeneous populations of cancer cells within
a tumor mass. Therefore, miRNA targeted therapy is an attractive
attribute of miRNA research, which is covered through eighteen
chapters complied in this book "MicroRNA targeted Cancer therapy"
and it is hoped that the field of miRNA research will be
appreciated through critical reading of these chapters on the
cutting-edge research on miRNAs.
Overall, this book illustrates the complexities of the regulation
and deregulation of genes mediated through epigenetics in the
development and progression of human malignancies. All the articles
have been carefully chosen to represent several cancer systems with
state of our knowledge on the role of epigenetic deregulation of
microRNAs (miRNAs) and their target mRNAs along with epigenetic
deregulation of mRNAs. This book also illustrates the role of
several dietary agents, collectively called nutraceuticals or
natural agents in modulating the epigenetic reprogramming of miRNAs
and mRNAs for the prevention and/or treatment of human
malignancies. It is well known that genetic aberrations, especially
inherited through parents (somatic genetic alterations) contribute
to the development of less than 10% of all cancer yet epigenetic
alterations in genes especially through selective methylation and
acetylation appears to be responsible for the development and
progression of the vast majority of all cancers. Therefore,
understanding the role of epigenetics in the regulation of genes
especially through deregulated expression of miRNAs as presented in
this book will allow scientists to devise targeted therapeutic
strategies for re-expression of the lost genes or down-regulate the
genes that are over-expressed in order to eradicate cancer. It is
hoped that targeting epigenetics will not only target cancer cells
but it will also target the tumor microenvironment (more like the
entire tumor environment such as the entire host) for achieving
better treatment outcomes for patients diagnosed with cancer which
will lead to achieve the long-term objective for complete
eradication of cancer. This book contains fifteen chapters which
begins with the concept of systems and network biology for
investigating the epigenetics of cancer followed by a series of
articles on the role of miRNAs and their target genes in the
biology of pancreatic cancer and other cancers such as breast,
kidney, prostate and and colon. Since it is becoming increasingly
clear that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are important in the
development and progression of cancer, and CSCs are important in
therapeutic resistance, treatment failure and tumor recurrence,
thus the importance of CSCs and epigenetics has been highlighted by
a very timely article on epigenetic variations of stem cell markers
in cancer including miRNAs. Moreover, just targeting heterogeneous
cancer cell populations may not be optimal to eradicate tumors and
for which one must take a holistic approach for developing drugs
that could also target the tumor microenvironment and tumor
dormancy that are regulated through epigenetics. Keeping abreast
with this thought process the concluding chapter provides a concept
towards curative cancer therapy with maspin, which could be a
unique window of opportunity to target tumor dormancy. Therefore,
it suggest that targeting the tumor dormancy and the tumor
microenvironment using novel therapeutics specifically by targeting
epigenetics would become the future of medicine.
This book is about Nutraceuticals in cancer therapy, specifically
targeted and Adjuvant therapy. It shows several approaches for
possibly reducing systemic toxicity. This book illustrates the role
of several dietary agents, collectively called nutraceuticals or
natural agents in the prevention and/or treatment of human
malignancies known to be mediated through alterations in multiple
molecular targets. This book contains sixteen chapters which begin
with historical perspective on the value of natural agents in the
prevention of human malignancies followed by a series of current
topics on multiple nutraceuticals targeting multiple cancers. This
collection would likely be useful for bringing newer generations
with broader perspectives in launching cutting-edge innovative
molecular research, which would certainly help in designing
targeted clinical trials in order to realize the dream of customize
strategies for the prevention and/or treatment of human
malignancies without causing any systemic toxicity. Moreover, the
knowledge gained would allow novel utilization of nutraceuticals as
adjunct to both conventional chemotherapy and radiation therapy in
order to improve the overall quality of life and survival of
patients diagnosed with cancers.
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