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Worldwide research on ancient glass began in the early 20th
century. A consensus has been reached in the community of
Archaeology that the first manmade or synthetic glasses, based on
archaeological findings, originated in the Middle East during the
5000-3000's BC. By contrast, the manufacturing technology of
pottery and ceramics were well developed in ancient China. The
earliest pottery and ceramics dates back to the Shang Dynasty - the
Zhou Dynasty (1700 BC-770 BC), while the earliest ancient glass
artifacts unearthed in China dates back to the Western Han Dynasty.
Utilizing the state-of-the art analytical and spectroscopic
methods, the recent findings demonstrate that China had already
developed its own glassmaking technology at latest since 200 BC.
There are two schools of viewpoint on the origin of ancient Chinese
glass. The more common one believes that ancient Chinese glass
originated from the import of glassmaking technology from the West
as a result of Sino-West trade exchanges in the Western Han Dynasty
(206 BC-25 AD). The other scientifically demonstrates that homemade
ancient Chinese glass with unique domestic formula containing both
PbO and BaO were made as early as in the Pre-Qin Period or even the
Warring State Period (770 BC-221 BC), known as Youhsa or Faience.
This English version of the previously published Chinese book
entitled History of Ancient Chinese Glass Technology Development is
for universities and research institutes where various research and
educational activities of ancient glass and history are conducted.
With 18 chapters, the scope of this book covers very detailed
information on scientifically based findings of ancient Chinese
glass development and imports and influence of foreign glass
products as well as influence of the foreign glass manufacturing
processes through the trade exchanges along the Silk Road(s).
The aim of the book is to report the recent research development of
ancient glass and glazing technology and the historical-cultural
exchange of the East and West along the Silk and Steppe Roads. The
contents of this book are dedicated to promote the exchanges
between researchers in both social and scientific fields.The scope
of this book includes the new archaeological findings of ancient
glass and faience in the world, the relationship of glassmaking
with glazing technology, the development and application of modern
techniques used for the characterization of ancient glass and
glaze, compound colorants/opacifiers among ancient glass, the early
exchanges of culture and techniques used between China and
elsewhere along the Silk and Steppe Roads, and so on.
This book presents a collection of memoir papers on the development
of modern and contemporary optics and optoelectronics in China from
the 18th to 20th centuries. The papers were written by famous
scientists in China, including members of the Chinese Academy of
Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering, sharing their
experience in different fields of optics and optoelectronics
development. This is a unique book in understanding the natural
science history of optics and optoelectronics. It gives you the
general idea about how the western optical science spread to China
in the 17th to 18th century; the cradle of the contemporary optics
in China; Birth, development and application of lasers in China;
high energy and high power lasers for laser antiballistic missile
and laser nuclear fusion; development of Chinese optical
communication and optical information storage; laser and infrared
optics research for space science; development of Chinese optical
instruments, etc.
The Silk Road is a main artery connecting Europe and Asia for
political, economical, cultural and technical exchange in
antiquity, and glass is one of the earliest artificial materials to
be invented. Studying the origin and evolution of ancient glass
along the Silk Road is thus significant for understanding the
development and exchange of culture and technology between China
and abroad.This book, for the first time, traces the origin,
evolution and spreading of ancient Chinese glass technology. It
collects a wealth of data contributed by Chinese and foreign
experts regarding the history and background, visual
characteristics and chemical compositions of the unearthed ancient
glasses from along the Northern (Oasis) Silk Road, especially from
the Xinjiang Province (known as the "Western Region" in ancient
times). The book presents new results of the studies on ancient
glasses along the Southern and Sea Silk Roads, and discusses the
influence of the Silk Road on ancient Chinese glass technology and
art.
This book focuses mainly on the spectroscopy of laser materials,
physics of laser materials, laser crystals and laser glasses. The
spectroscopic and laser properties of rare earth and transition
metal ion-doped solid state materials are systematically described
based on modern quantum optics. The aim of this book is to relate
the laser and spectroscopic properties to the structure and
chemical composition of materials. It emphasises the nonlinear
optical effects in laser materials, which are widely used in high
power laser systems. The development of advanced solid state laser
devices depends greatly on new laser materials. Much progress has
been made recently in the development of new laser materials, and
this is summarized in the book.
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