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This book reviews the interconnection of cosmology and particle
physics over the last decade. It provides introductory courses in
supersymmetry, superstring and M-theory, responding to an
increasing interest to evaluate the cosmological consequences of
these theories. Based on a series of extended courses providing an
introduction to the physics of the very early universe, in the
light of the most recent advances in our understanding of the
fundamental interactions, it reviews all the classical issues
(inflation, primordial fluctuations, dark matter, baryogenesis),
but also introduces the most recent ideas about what happened at
the Big Bang, and before.
edited by c. H. Lineweaver, J. G. Bartlett, A. Blanchard
Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France M.
Signore Ecole normale superieure, Paris, France and J. Silk
Departments of Astronomy and Physics, University of California at
Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, U. S. A. Kluwer Academic Publishers
Dordrecht / Boston / London Published in cooperation with NATO
Scientific Affairs Division ISBN-13:978-94-010-6512-2
e-ISBN-13:978-94-009-0051-6 DOI:10. 107/ 978-94-009-0051-6
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1997 Dedication We
dedicate these proceedings to the people who paid for it: taxpayers
of the NATO alliance. Table of Contents PREFACE IX LIST OF
PARTICIPANTS XI LISTOF CONTRIBUTORS Xlll I. Introduction,
Mathematical Tools and Background An Introduction to CBR Studies:
Spectrum, Degree-Scale Fluctuations, Foregrounds and Interferometry
R. B. Partridge ElementsofGeneral Relativity, Cosmology and the
Cosmic Microwave Background Jose L. Sanz 33 Statisticsand Random
Functions in Astrophysics BernhardIT. Jones 67 Structure Formation
Joseph Silk III II. eMB Anistropies CalculationofCosmic Background
Radiation Anisotropies and Implications Emory F. Bunn 135 The CMB
Anistropy Experiments: Cosmic Microwave Background George F. Smoot
185 viii III. CMB Spectrum The CMBR-Spectrum: ATheoretical
Introduction Albert Stebbins 241 The CMB Spectrum George F. Smoot
271 IV. Astroparticle Physics Inflation and the Cosmic Background
Radiation: What Every Cosmologist Needs to Know Michael S. Turner
309 Primordial Chemistry and Cosmic Background Radiation M.
Signori, P. Encrenaz, R. MaoJi, B. Melchiorri, F. Melchiorri and D.
Puy 345 The Cosmic Background Radiation and Elementary Particles
Pierre Salati 365 V.
This book reviews the interconnection of cosmology and particle
physics over the last decade. It provides introductory courses in
supersymmetry, superstring and M-theory, responding to an
increasing interest to evaluate the cosmological consequences of
these theories. Based on a series of extended courses providing an
introduction to the physics of the very early universe, in the
light of the most recent advances in our understanding of the
fundamental interactions, it reviews all the classical issues
(inflation, primordial fluctuations, dark matter, baryogenesis),
but also introduces the most recent ideas about what happened at
the Big Bang, and before.
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What Is Marketing? (Hardcover)
Harvard Business Review, Alvin J. Silk
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R1,495
R1,174
Discovery Miles 11 740
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Sometimes you need more then a one-sentence answer. While the term
marketing generally refers to what a company does to create value
for customers, practicing marketers know they have a major role in
setting their company’s strategic direction. Successful marketing
requires a deep knowledge of customers, competitors, and
collaborators—and great skill in serving customers profitably.
The book provides the foundation for developing those skills and
insights. It’s organized according to the design of the
first-year marketing course in Harvard Business School’s MBA
program. Each chapter was written by HBS faculty and used by MBA
students to analyze marketing opportunities and develop and execute
successful marketing strategies. Areas covered include: Consumer
behaviorBusiness-to-business marketsThe four P’s-product,
placement, promotion and priceMarket segmentation, target market
selection, and positioningUnique value propositionsThe design of
new products and servicesProduct line extensions and repositioning
of exciting businessesBrand valuation and brand equityFulfillment
and after-sale serviceDirect, retail, and wholesale distribution
channels and networksMarketing communications and
promotionsAdvertising, public relations, and choice of mediaPricing
for profitabilityPersonal selling and sales managementCustomer
relationship management and customer privacyCustomer acquisition,
retention, and dismissalBasic math for making marketing decisions
Timeless yet timely, this book provides valuable background
information for understanding and interpreting business and
competition from a marketing point of view. That makes it useful in
both formal and informal educational settings, including on-the-job
training. Simply put, it’s required reading for marketing
students and a must-have recourse for marketing professionals.
Aggregate Advertising Expenditure in the U.S. Economy provides
evidence that over the period 2000 through 2018 nominal aggregate
advertising spending in the U.S. as a share of nominal GDP has been
falling. The elasticity of advertising with respect to nominal GDP
appears to have increased substantially since the late 1990s. The
authors further show that nominal aggregate advertising spending
has become more responsive to changes in real GDP and GDP price
inflation. Finally, the monograph considers the implications of
ongoing developments in the management of advertising campaigns and
pending public policy issues surrounding controversial digital
advertising practices for how advertising's macroeconomic role may
evolve in the future. The authors stress the development of
media-specific and aggregate media mix prices indices as being the
critical next step in advancing understanding of the sensitivity of
aggregate spending on advertising to cyclical and secular shifts in
total economic activity and the components thereof. Following a
short introduction, section II provides some historical background
on the twin problems of defining advertising in the face of its
ever-changing boundaries and measuring its output as a service
industry. Section III sketches the vertical structure of the U.S.
advertising industry and describes the set of four time series
assembled that measure nominal aggregate advertising spending by
advertisers and the related revenues of two sectors who function as
service providers to advertisers -- advertising agencies and media
firms. Section IV reviews the media price indices available from
private sector sources and the BLS. Section V presents the double
log constant elasticity model that serves as the conceptual
framework underlying the analysis of the relationship of nominal
aggregate adverting spending to GDP. Section VI reports extensive
analyses of autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation
coefficients calculated in order to assess whether the measures of
nominal advertising spending exhibit stationarity and guide our
choice of the order of moving average autoregressive function
specifications. Section VII presents the results indicating that a
structural shift in the sensitivity of nominal aggregate
advertising to GDP occurred around the turn of the century when, in
nominal terms, aggregate ad spending became more responsive to not
only changes in nominal GDP but also to changes in real GDP and to
changes in GDP inflation. Section VIII discusses implications of
changes in the management of advertising campaigns accompanying the
ascendancy of digital media and the resolution of public policy
issues surrounding digital advertising practices. Section IX
summarizes the main conclusions.
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