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Bacteria are those organisms which are single cell and they are not
seen through naked eye they are only seen when microscope is used.
The shape and size of bacteria are different and are measured in
micrometer. Healthy humans are the reservoir and source of
production of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli. The objective
of this work is to define more precisely the role of traditional
food ingredients in promoting the growth of acid resistant Coli
form bacteria in human beings. Different food samples of Yogurt,
Dahi bhallay and Fruit chart were taken in measured quantity in
sterilized tubes and were soon be transported to lab. Different
dilutions were prepared in sterile water. Initially the material
was homogenized in measured amount of sterile water. The diluted
portion of the suspensions of the samples was exposed to different
concentration of Hydro caloric acid for different periods of time.
Then the aliquots were spread over EMB agar plates which were
subsequently incubated at 37 degree centigrade. Then colonies of
Coliform bacteria were counted and acid resistance of the exposed
bacteria was further worked out.
In Pakistan, comprehensive data from population based studies on
the incidence of childhood leukaemia is generally lacking. In
developing countries, treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
(ALL) usually relies on different immunophenotypic, cytogenetic and
molecular subsets that have differing outcomes with different
therapies. In Pakistan, treatment offered to patients is usually
based on clinical features of disease at presentation. This books
attempts to identify and characterize different risk factors and
clinical and genetic prognostic markers in Pakistani ALL patients.
Moreover, classification of patients into different risk groups and
effects of conventional therapies on treatment outcome were also
studied. The importance of research to identify the optimal therapy
for children with ALL including well-designed clinical trials,
identification of higher risk features with appropriate treatment
changes and tailoring of therapy according to response and risk
groups are emphasized.
Within the biosphere every object is influenced by microbial
activities. A very unfamiliar case is represented by the
microorganisms involved in the process of corrosion of different
metals and their alloys. Many workers have reported bacteria
responsible for initiating, accelariting and promoting the process
of corrosion. While several recent authors have also documented
corrosion inhibiting/controlling roles of microorganisms. It
appears that like a healthier balance between the normal microbiota
and pathogens, required for maintaining health of a host; a
comparable balance among the members of microbial community of soil
is required for protecting the buried mild steel pipes from
corrosion based losses. This work reports isolation of both
corrosion enhancing as well as corrosion controlling bacteria from
an identified location. The bacterial isolates were then studied
under laboratory but field simulated conditions to explore the
roles of the monocultures of both catogaries of the bacteria. While
effects of their co-cultures have also been delineated in
comparable experimental set up. The findings are helpful in
controlling corrosion of soil buried mild steel pipes.
Solid state fermentation has been advocated for its advantages over
the submerged fermentation in select situations. The technology is
of special application where microbial exoenzymes, the cells and
their products are to be retained within the produce. This book
describes importance of several locally isolated bacteria in
improving nutritional status of fish feed, promoting the growth of
cultured Rohu fingerlings. Moreover, the probiotics reported in
this work qualify the status of controlling bacterial fish
diseases. It is hoped that the probiotics will find increasing
application in the promotion and development of aquaculture. While
formulating fish feed a major cost incurring ingredient is protein
source. The probiotics while fermenting low cost agriwastes
increase protein content in the form of exoenzymes and single cell
protein. This aspect is likely to bring new fish feed formulations.
Pakistan still has a window of opportunity to act decisively to
prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS. According to UNAIDS estimates HIV
prevalence is 0.1 percent among adult population in Pakistan. The
officially reported cases are, however, much lower than the
estimated cases. As in many countries, underreporting is due mainly
to the social stigma attached to the infection, limited
surveillance and voluntary counseling and testing systems, as well
as the lack of knowledge among the general population and health
practitioners. Until recently, Pakistan was classified as a
low-prevalence country with many risk factors that could lead to
the rapid development of an epidemic. The presence of significant
risk factors such as the very low use of condoms among vulnerable
populations including female sex workers (FSW), men who have sex
with men (MSMs), truckers, and Hijras, low use of sterile syringes
among injecting drug users (IDUs), inadequate blood transfusion
screening and high level of professional donors, large numbers of
migrants and refugees may lead to an epidemic situation of HIV/AIDS
in Pakistan.
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