Bacteria are those organisms which are single cell and they are not seen through naked eye they are only seen when microscope is used. The shape and size of bacteria are different and are measured in micrometer. Healthy humans are the reservoir and source of production of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli. The objective of this work is to define more precisely the role of traditional food ingredients in promoting the growth of acid resistant Coli form bacteria in human beings. Different food samples of Yogurt, Dahi bhallay and Fruit chart were taken in measured quantity in sterilized tubes and were soon be transported to lab. Different dilutions were prepared in sterile water. Initially the material was homogenized in measured amount of sterile water. The diluted portion of the suspensions of the samples was exposed to different concentration of Hydro caloric acid for different periods of time. Then the aliquots were spread over EMB agar plates which were subsequently incubated at 37 degree centigrade. Then colonies of Coliform bacteria were counted and acid resistance of the exposed bacteria was further worked out.

In Pakistan, comprehensive data from population based studies on the incidence of childhood leukaemia is generally lacking. In developing countries, treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) usually relies on different immunophenotypic, cytogenetic and molecular subsets that have differing outcomes with different therapies. In Pakistan, treatment offered to patients is usually based on clinical features of disease at presentation. This books attempts to identify and characterize different risk factors and clinical and genetic prognostic markers in Pakistani ALL patients. Moreover, classification of patients into different risk groups and effects of conventional therapies on treatment outcome were also studied. The importance of research to identify the optimal therapy for children with ALL including well-designed clinical trials, identification of higher risk features with appropriate treatment changes and tailoring of therapy according to response and risk groups are emphasized.

Solid state fermentation has been advocated for its advantages over the submerged fermentation in select situations. The technology is of special application where microbial exoenzymes, the cells and their products are to be retained within the produce. This book describes importance of several locally isolated bacteria in improving nutritional status of fish feed, promoting the growth of cultured Rohu fingerlings. Moreover, the probiotics reported in this work qualify the status of controlling bacterial fish diseases. It is hoped that the probiotics will find increasing application in the promotion and development of aquaculture. While formulating fish feed a major cost incurring ingredient is protein source. The probiotics while fermenting low cost agriwastes increase protein content in the form of exoenzymes and single cell protein. This aspect is likely to bring new fish feed formulations.

Pakistan still has a window of opportunity to act decisively to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS. According to UNAIDS estimates HIV prevalence is 0.1 percent among adult population in Pakistan. The officially reported cases are, however, much lower than the estimated cases. As in many countries, underreporting is due mainly to the social stigma attached to the infection, limited surveillance and voluntary counseling and testing systems, as well as the lack of knowledge among the general population and health practitioners. Until recently, Pakistan was classified as a low-prevalence country with many risk factors that could lead to the rapid development of an epidemic. The presence of significant risk factors such as the very low use of condoms among vulnerable populations including female sex workers (FSW), men who have sex with men (MSMs), truckers, and Hijras, low use of sterile syringes among injecting drug users (IDUs), inadequate blood transfusion screening and high level of professional donors, large numbers of migrants and refugees may lead to an epidemic situation of HIV/AIDS in Pakistan.

Within the biosphere every object is influenced by microbial activities. A very unfamiliar case is represented by the microorganisms involved in the process of corrosion of different metals and their alloys. Many workers have reported bacteria responsible for initiating, accelariting and promoting the process of corrosion. While several recent authors have also documented corrosion inhibiting/controlling roles of microorganisms. It appears that like a healthier balance between the normal microbiota and pathogens, required for maintaining health of a host; a comparable balance among the members of microbial community of soil is required for protecting the buried mild steel pipes from corrosion based losses. This work reports isolation of both corrosion enhancing as well as corrosion controlling bacteria from an identified location. The bacterial isolates were then studied under laboratory but field simulated conditions to explore the roles of the monocultures of both catogaries of the bacteria. While effects of their co-cultures have also been delineated in comparable experimental set up. The findings are helpful in controlling corrosion of soil buried mild steel pipes.