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With the new global tectonics approach in the Earth Sciences, the
quan titative aspects of the dynamics of rock-forming processes
came into focus: geologists are no longer satisfied knowing the
pressure-tempera ture conditions of the formation of a metamorphic
rock or of the emplace ment of a magmatic body, but instead would
like to learn the time history of these rocks as well, i. e. ,
derive the temperature-pressure-time path and relate it to a
tectonic process. To achieve this goal, a knowledge of both
pressure-temperature-dependent equilibria and the time scales at
which these equilibria may be attained are essential. However, the
latter kinetic information is much more difficult to retrieve than
that on equilibria: whereas equilibria are controlled by state
variables, and proper laboratory experiments may be directly
applied to equilibrium natural assemblages, kinetics also depends
on factors other than state variables, such as grain size,
dislocation density, and especially time (rate of heating, duration
of annealing, rate of cooling). Extrapolation of kinetic data
obtained at high temperatures on laboratory time scales to more
realistic lower tempera tures and geological time scales are
dangerous because, for example, of possible changes from an
intrinsically controlled defect regime to an extrinsic one as
temperature is lowered, or from an interface-controlled to a
diffusion-controlled reaction mechanism.
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