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This book presents the most recent innovative studies in the field
of water resources for arid areas to move towards more sustainable
management of the resources. It gathers outstanding contributions
presented at the 2nd International Water Conference on Water
Resources in Arid Areas (IWC), which was held online (Muscat, Oman)
in November 2020. Papers discuss challenges and solutions to
alleviate water resource scarcity in arid areas, including water
resources management, the introduction of modern irrigation
systems, natural groundwater recharge, construction of dams for
artificial recharge, use of treated wastewater, and desalination
technologies. As such, the book provides a platform for the
exchange of recent advances in water resources research, which are
essential to improving the critical water situation and to move
towards more sustainable management of water resources.
The high-elevation hydropower system in California is composed of
more than 150 hydropower plants. The expected shift of runoff peak
from spring to winter as a result of climate warming, resulting in
snowpack reduction and earlier snowmelt, might have important
effects on hydropower operations. Estimation of climate warming
effects on such a large system by conventional simulation or
optimization methods would be tedious and expensive. Employing
optimization and cooperative game theory methods, this book
presents a novel approach for modeling large hydropower systems and
deriving climate change adaptation strategies for California.
Within watersheds, social, economical, political and physical
subsystems interact. While making decisions, decision makers should
be aware of such interactions as any new policy will not only
affect one subsystem. To see if a specific management policy is
proper, an integrated study is needed of complicated water
management system in the basin, considering major physical, social,
economical and political aspects of it. System Dynamics provides a
unique framework for integrating the disparate physical and social
systems important to water resource management and can be used to
comprehend the interaction of different drivers of the problem.
Here, this approach is used to find, for different scenarios, how
various options of demand management and population control can be
more effective when combined with transbasin water diversions,
increasing water storage capacity and controlling of groundwater
withdrawal in the river basin. A simulation model is built based on
Causal Loop Diagrams of the watershed problem to comprehend the
dynamic and interrelated characteristic of the system, and convey
experiences, lessons learned, and perceptions gained through the
model development process.
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