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While ion-exchange processes were originally used for the treatment
of very dilute solutions, many applications for the treatment of
concentrated solu tions have been developed in recent years. In
these situations, the mass transfer bottlenecks are located in
the~, rather than the liquid phase. Therefore, the development of
quantitative models for ion-exchange kinetics requires knowledge
about the conductance characteristics of ions and solvent in the
solid phase. A useful approach towards this aim is the study of
trans port characteristics of these species, and of their
interactions in solid ion exchange membranes. Many different
transport processes and related phenomena can be observed in
membrane-solution systems, e.g., ion migration, electroosmosis,
diffusion arid self-diffusion, osmosis, hydraulic flow,
hyperfiltration (reverse osmosis) or ultrafiltration, streaming
potential and streaming current, and membrane potentials (also
called "membrane concentration potentials"). It is important to
correlate all these phenomena so as to avoid a very large number of
unnec essary measurements. Such correlation is often possible
[Meares, 1976] since all these phenomena are determined by the ease
of migration of the different species across the membrane.
Important correlations have been made and summar ized even before
high-capacity ion-exchange membranes became commercially available
[Sollner, 1950, 197iJ.
"Ion exchange," as Dr. Robert Kunin has said, "is a unique
technology since ft occupies a special place in at least three
other scientific disciplines - polymer chemistry, polyelectrolytes
and adsorption. " It may also lay claim to being one of the most
widely used industrially. From its origins in water treatment and
the sugar industry, through hydrometallurgical applications as
diverse as the treatment of plating wastes and the tonnage
production of uranium, to the present-day production of ultrapure
water for the microelectronics industry, the recovery of valuable
materials from sewage effluents and pollution control, the uses of
ion exchange are legion. As a result, it is well-nigh impossible to
prevent infiltration by the real world of even the most academic of
conferences on the subject. It came as no surprise to the
Scientific Board of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on "Mass
Transfer & Kinetics of Ion Exchange" that one third of the
lecturers, and one half of their advanced students, were from
Industry, nor that the two round-table discussions, which specially
featured industrial applications and future requirements, were well
attended and enthusiastically debated.
Other books have been written about clergy misconduct and its
effects on congregations. Some are by victims. Others are written
by professionals for a professional audience. Until now, however,
there hasn't been a book for the congregational leaders who must
deal with the fallout of clergy misconduct. Both the
afterpastors--the interim or settled pastors who follow
misconducting pastors--and lay leaders need guidance about how to
assess and effectively respond to the misconduct, how to care for
the victim/survivor, and how to carry out the mission and ministry
to which the congregation has been called.
While ion-exchange processes were originally used for the treatment
of very dilute solutions, many applications for the treatment of
concentrated solu tions have been developed in recent years. In
these situations, the mass transfer bottlenecks are located in
the~, rather than the liquid phase. Therefore, the development of
quantitative models for ion-exchange kinetics requires knowledge
about the conductance characteristics of ions and solvent in the
solid phase. A useful approach towards this aim is the study of
trans port characteristics of these species, and of their
interactions in solid ion exchange membranes. Many different
transport processes and related phenomena can be observed in
membrane-solution systems, e.g., ion migration, electroosmosis,
diffusion arid self-diffusion, osmosis, hydraulic flow,
hyperfiltration (reverse osmosis) or ultrafiltration, streaming
potential and streaming current, and membrane potentials (also
called "membrane concentration potentials"). It is important to
correlate all these phenomena so as to avoid a very large number of
unnec essary measurements. Such correlation is often possible
[Meares, 1976] since all these phenomena are determined by the ease
of migration of the different species across the membrane.
Important correlations have been made and summar ized even before
high-capacity ion-exchange membranes became commercially available
[Sollner, 1950, 197iJ.
"Ion exchange," as Dr. Robert Kunin has said, "is a unique
technology since ft occupies a special place in at least three
other scientific disciplines - polymer chemistry, polyelectrolytes
and adsorption. " It may also lay claim to being one of the most
widely used industrially. From its origins in water treatment and
the sugar industry, through hydrometallurgical applications as
diverse as the treatment of plating wastes and the tonnage
production of uranium, to the present-day production of ultrapure
water for the microelectronics industry, the recovery of valuable
materials from sewage effluents and pollution control, the uses of
ion exchange are legion. As a result, it is well-nigh impossible to
prevent infiltration by the real world of even the most academic of
conferences on the subject. It came as no surprise to the
Scientific Board of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on "Mass
Transfer & Kinetics of Ion Exchange" that one third of the
lecturers, and one half of their advanced students, were from
Industry, nor that the two round-table discussions, which specially
featured industrial applications and future requirements, were well
attended and enthusiastically debated.
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