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The exploration of the subnuclear world is done through
increasingly complex experiments covering a wide range of energy
and performed in a large variety of environments ranging from
particle accelerators, underground detectors to satellites and the
space laboratory. The achievement of these research programs calls
for novel techniques, new materials and instrumentation to be used
in detectors, often of large scale. Therefore, fundamental physics
is at the forefront of technological advance and also leads to many
applications. Among these, are the progresses from space
experiments whose results allow the understanding of the cosmic
environment, of the origin and evolution of the universe after the
Big Bang.
The exploration of the subnuclear world is done through
increasingly complex experiments covering a wide range of energy
and performed in a large variety of environments ranging from
particle accelerators, underground detectors to satellites and the
space laboratory. Among recent advances one has to indicate, for
instance, first results obtained from space and LHC experiments and
progress done in preparation of the latter experiments upgrades,
including plans for the LHC machine upgrade. The achievement of
these research programs calls for novel techniques, new materials
and instrumentation to be used in detectors, often of large scale.
Therefore, fundamental physics is at the forefront of technological
advance and also leads to many applications. Among these, medical
applications have a particular importance due to health and social
benefits they bring to the public.
Often, educational and psychological measurement instruments must
be translated from one language to another when they are
administered to different cultural groups. The translation process
often necessarily introduces measurement inequivalence. Therefore,
an examination may be said to be culturally biased if the test
provides a consistent advantage to one particular race or culture
through the manner in which the test items are written.
One-thousand American and one-thousand one hundred thirty-four
Japanese examinees participating in a scuba diving certification
course completed a standardized criterion mastery test for
certification. Differential Functioning of Items and Tests (DFIT)
proposed by Raju, van der Linden, and Fleer (1995) was used to
detect Differential Item and Test Functioning (DIF/DTF). Results
from the study support the idea that the translation process
contributed little to the cause/explanation for DIF/DTF. Another
possible and more influential cause of DIF/DTF was due to
individual differences in teaching and leadership styles by
Instructors from America and Japan.
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