Leopard (Panthera pardus) management in India is facing many challenges. Leopards have highly diversified diets and are extremely adaptable to various ecological conditions. This versatility allows them to thrive in a broad range of habitats, often bordering human settlements. In recent years the presence of leopards has been increasing in a wide range of rural and even built-up environments, far removed from natural habitats and protected areas. Although leopards have shown a remarkable ability to live relatively peacefully close to people, conflicts can and do occur, with leopards killing livestock and in extreme cases people. Due to fear and anger, many affected persons retaliate by injuring and killing leopards. Because Indian law prohibits the killing of schedule 1 species, responses have been confined to removing the animal to captivity or translocating it to a new area. A thorough review of strategy is therefore addressed in the present work to address every possible human-leopard conflict situation and develop appropriate protocols for response.

In India, sacred groves are scattered all over the country and do not enjoy protection via federal legislation. Some NGOs work with local villagers to protect such groves. Each grove is associated with a presiding deity and the grove are referred to by different names in different parts of India. They were maintained by local communities with hunting and logging strictly prohibited within these patches. While most of these sacred deities are associated with local Hindu gods, sacred groves of Islamic and Buddhist origins are also known. Sacred groves occur in a variety of places - from scrub forests in the Thar Desert of Rajasthan. The present study highlights the importance sacred grove in Indian Civilization. A focus was given to Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan to study the effectiveness of sacred grove. It was seen that, the forest outside sacred grove in Sariska is being degraded year after year, but the forest inside sacred grove shows high density. Vegetation cover and disturbance parameters were also studied to see the extent of effectiveness of scared grove for the conservation of Sariska Tiger Reserve.