This book provides a research-based analysis of public sector reforms in Pakistan. It offers a broad overview of reforms at different levels of government - including federal, provincial and local - and examines decentralization and devolution reforms in various policy sectors. It also reflects on market-oriented reforms and the steps taken to involve the private sector to build a better-governed public sector, and explores new trends in the public sector in the areas of digitalisation and disaster management. Bringing together young researchers, academics, and practitioners, the book sets a new milestone in the movement towards context-specific reform studies in both academia and the professional practice of public administration, particularly in South Asia.

This book provides a research-based analysis of public sector reforms in Pakistan. It offers a broad overview of reforms at different levels of government – including federal, provincial and local – and examines decentralization and devolution reforms in various policy sectors. It also reflects on market-oriented reforms and the steps taken to involve the private sector to build a better-governed public sector, and explores new trends in the public sector in the areas of digitalisation and disaster management. Bringing together young researchers, academics, and practitioners, the book sets a new milestone in the movement towards context-specific reform studies in both academia and the professional practice of public administration, particularly in South Asia.

National Bank of Pakistan (NBP) the central bank of the Pakistan not only plays a key role in the economic development of the country but also has significant global influence. National Bank of Pakistan maintains its position as Pakistan's premier bank determined to set higher standards of achievements. It is the major business partner for the Government of Pakistan with special emphasis on fostering Pakistan's economic growth through aggressive and balanced lending policies, technologically oriented products and services offered through its large network of branches locally, internationally and representative offices. The study cover all aspects of NBP e.g. Products, services and financial statement analysis of NBP year 2009. NBP is facing some problem like Ineffective Utilization of Assets, Complex Procedure and Dissatisfaction of Customer, High Cost Due to Duplication and Over Staffing, Liquidity Problem. These all can be control by Advertisement of Products and Services, Decentralization and New Technology, Utilization of Resources, Restructuring of Operations and Human Resource System.

Air pollution in the cities can be attributed to incomplete combustion of fuel and use of badly and not properly maintained vehicles. Plants growing in such polluted environment or close to busy roads are found highly affected due to vehicular exhaust emission. The phenology, periodicity and productivity of plants growing close to the busy roads are highly affected. The problematic areas of toxic effects of hydrocarbon, oxides of nitrogen & sulfur, CO, particulate matter, heavy metals and specially lead and cadmium are highly toxic for normal growth of plants reported. The toxicity and tolerance to some heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, nickel and iron in plants are commonly reported by researchers. The accumulation and use of plant as a bioindicator of pollutant can help in understanding the current level of pollutants in the environment. n attempt has been made to Information embodied in this book can be helpful for people working for the betterment of the immediate environment.