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This book offers a comprehensive analysis of the evolution and
development of arms control processes as an integral part of the
Pakistan-India grand dialogue, which took place from 1988 to 2008
and it examines the larger political context and its impact on arms
control processes. Nasir Mehmood prioritizes four types of
political conflicts: Jammu and Kashmir, hostile domestic politics,
dissimilar military doctrines, and China as a third party. Mehmood
determines their connection and function in restricting arms
control during three major rounds of broader security dialogue
between Pakistan and India (1988-1994, 1997-1999, and 2004-2008).
Through these major rounds of dialogue there are patterns of
interaction within and across three sub-cases. This volume, which
offers a systematic survey of bilateral arms control processes
within the local settings and includes critical theoretical and
policy insights, shall be of interest to students and scholars
interested in security studies and international relations theory,
with a focus on the strategic horizon of South Asia.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) "King of the cereals" is the staple
food of people in many countries. It is the main rabi crop of
Pakistan and India and ranks second after rice in Pkistan. It is
used both as food for human consumption and feed for animals. It
plays pivotal role in human nutrition containing carbohydrates,
proteins, inorganic ions and vitamins. So, there is a dire need to
develop genotypes having better yield potential per unit area. This
will be achieved only by exploring maximum genetic potential from
available germplasm of wheat. The origin of the cultivated wheat
and its uses by mankind antedated the earliest recorded history.
Wheat is believed to have been one of the first plants to be
domesticated and cultivated by the humans, beginning possibly more
than 15 thousands years ago with the seed gathered from wild grass
ancestors of present day wheat species. The evolution of wheat has
been the subject of great research during previous century. The
basic evolutionary step was hybridization between the species.
Pakistan experienced grave external security threats to its prime
national security values-political independence, territorial
integrity, and sovereignty, immediately after its inception.
Pakistan employed various security tools of internal and external
balancing other than nuclear weapons to guard its prime values from
the strategies of war and black-mail of India. Post 1971 debacle
and India's so-called PNE of 1974 national security evaluation
compelled the then Pakistani leadership to exploit the deterrence
value of nuclear weapons. After the induction of nuclear weapons in
its national security policy, Pakistan successfully held India at
bay during Brasstacks Operation-1987, Kashmir Crisis 1990, Kargil
War 1999, and Military Standoff of 2001-2002. Nevertheless, Indian
leadership is continuously exploring various unwise strategic
choices to undermine the existing posture of minimum credible
deterrence of Pakistan. Therefore, Pakistan must reevaluate
intelligently its nuclear posture to strengthen the fabric of
nuclear deterrence.
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