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The title of this book contains the words ALGORITHMIC LANGUAGE, in
the singular. This is meant to convey the idea that it deals not so
much with the diversity of program ming languages, but rather with
their commonalities. The task of formal program develop It allows
classifying ment proved to be the ideal frame for demonstrating
this unity. concepts and distinguishing fundamental notions from
notational features; and it leads immediately to a systematic
disposition. This approach is supported by didactic, practical, and
theoretical considerations. The clarity of the structure of a
programming language de signed according to the principles of
program transformation is remarkable. Of course there are various
notations for such a language. The notation used in this book is
mainly oriented towards ALGOL 68, but is also strongly influenced
by PASCAL - it could equally well have been the other way round. In
the appendices there are occa sional references to the styles used
in ALGOL, PASCAL, LISP, and elsewhere."
The title of this book contains the words ALGORITHMIC LANGUAGE, in
the singular. This is meant to convey the idea that it deals not so
much with the diversity of program ming languages, but rather with
their commonalities. The task of formal program develop It allows
classifying ment proved to be the ideal frame for demonstrating
this unity. concepts and distinguishing fundamental notions from
notational features; and it leads immediately to a systematic
disposition. This approach is supported by didactic, practical, and
theoretical considerations. The clarity of the structure of a
programming language de signed according to the principles of
program transformation is remarkable. Of course there are various
notations for such a language. The notation used in this book is
mainly oriented towards ALGOL 68, but is also strongly influenced
by PASCAL - it could equally well have been the other way round. In
the appendices there are occa sional references to the styles used
in ALGOL, PASCAL, LISP, and elsewhere."
This book is the second of two volumes that present the main
results which emerged from the project CIP - "C"omputer-Aided,
"I"ntuition-Guided "P"rogramming - at the Technical University of
Munich. Its central theme is program development by transformation,
a methodology which is becoming more and more important. Whereas
Volume I contains the description and formal specification of a
wide spectrum language CIP-L particularly tailored to the needs of
transformational programming, Volume II serves a double purpose:
First, it describes a system, called CIP-S, that is to assist a
programmer in the method of transformational programming. Second,
it gives a non-toy example for this very method, since it contains
a formal specification of the system core and transformational
developments for the more interesting system routines. Based on a
formal calculus of program transformations, the informal
requirements for the system are stated. Then the system core is
formally specified using the algebraic data types and the
pre-algorithmic logical constructs of the wide spectrum language
CIP-L. It is demonstrated how executable, procedural level programs
can be developed from this specification according to formal rules.
The extensive collection of these rules is also contained in the
book; it can be used as the basis for further developments using
this method. Since the system has been designed in such a way that
it is parameterized with the concrete programming language to be
transformed, the book also contains a guide how to actualize this
parameter; the proceeding is exemplified with a small subset of
CIP-L.
herrschen. Bedeutsam ist auch die Abgrenzung der dritten Ebene, der
Ebene der verselb- standigten Variablen und Zeiger. Der
vergleichsweise geringe Umfang von Kap. 7 bedeutet einerseits, dass
die Beschreibung sich auf Grundsatzliches beschrankt, dem sich
viele aus der Literatur der Systemprogrammierung bekannte
Einzelheiten unterordnen, beispiels- weise aus D. E. Knuth's, The
Art of Computer Programming' oder G. Seegmullers, Ein- fuhrung in
die Systemprogrammierung', andererseits aber auch, dass die
Vervollstandi- gung der theoretischen Grundlagen noch aussteht. Zu
den einzelnen Abschnitten dieses Buches gibt es einen Hintergrund
unterschiedlich weit entwickelter mathematischer Theorien. Wichtige
Grundbegriffe sind verbandstheore- tischer Natur. Die fundamentalen
Arbeiten von D. Scott haben das eindrucksvoll bewie- sen. Bei den
Rechenstrukturen des 3. Kapitels steht die moderne Theorie der
universellen Algebra im Hintergrund, insbesondere Arbeiten von
Birkhoff und Tarski sind hier von Be- deutung. Da wir kein
mathematisches Lehrbuch vorlegen, mussen wir uns meistens mit
Andeutungen und Hinweisen begnugen. Das Buch hat sich aus
Vorlesungen und begleitenden UEbungen entwickelt, die in den letz-
ten Jahren an der Technischen Universitat Munchen gehalten wurden.
Es entstand in enger Wechselwirkung mit dem Projekt CIP
("Computer-aided Intuition-guided Programming") und dem Teilprojekt
"Breitbandsprache und Programmtransformation" im Sonderfor-
schungsbereich 49, Programmiertechnik, an der Technischen
Universitat Munchen. Bei dem Versuch, fur ein einigermassen
abgerundetes, geschlossenes Lehrgebaude der Programmie- rung die
Fundamente zu legen, musste vieles fragmentarisch bleiben. In
manchen Punkten war es notwendig, Positionen zu beziehen, die auf
den ersten Blick unkonventionell erschei- nen moegen, um
Erstarrungen zu loesen und einseitige Doktrinen zu korrigieren.
This text is a complete resource for all the imaging technologies,
not just plain film radiography. It provides introductory material
on pharmacological nomenclature, drug classifications,
pharmacokinetics, and drugs used in imaging. It also offers
comprehensive coverage of diagnostic contrast agents, along with
drug administration procedures, emergency responses to drug
reactions, and legal and ethical aspects of medication
administration. Objectives and Key Terms open each chapter.
Learning exercises include true/false, fill-in-the-blank,
multiple-choice, and short-answer questions at the end of each
chapter, with answers at the end of the book. Did You Know? boxes
offer interesting tidbits of historical or current pharmacology
information, connecting the book's drug content to everyday
situations. Clinical Alert icons point out possible adverse
reactions and toxic effects. Discussion of pharmacodynamics and
drug classifications focuses on radiopaque contrast media used in
imaging procedures, using clearly written text and useful tables.
Pharmacokinetics coverage describes how drugs are absorbed,
metabolized, distributed, and eliminated. Complete coverage of
emergency procedures in response to adverse reactions to contrast
media includes crash cart procedures and drugs used to treat
cardiac and/or respiratory arrest and how to administer them
appropriately. Updates on all contrast agents. New information on
the use of contrast agents in ultrasound. New Drug Classifications
chapter. New chapter on drug-related emergencies includes case
studies. Evolve Resources for instructors include a 220-question
test bank and an electronic image collection.
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