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The authors provide a rigorous assessment of the activities of
Rotary, a global service organisation founded in 1905 that
implements projects and helps build goodwill and peace throughout
the world. Using data for a district, this book documents the
reasons why club members, or Rotarians, join the organisation, how
the organisation could further grow, the amount of service provided
in terms of volunteer hours, the funds raised by members for social
projects, and the various types of projects members are involved
in.
The Economics of Faith-Based Service Delivery provides the first
ever comprehensive empirical assessment of the role that
faith-inspired institutions (FIIs) play in the supply of health
care and education services in sub-Saharan Africa. Wodon focuses on
estimating the market share, reach to the poor, and cost for
households that rely on FIIs as opposed to public and private
secular providers of education and health care services. He also
analyzes the causes of user reliance on FIIs, the comparative
performance of FIIs, and the level of satisfaction among those that
use their services. The Economics of Faith-Based Service Delivery
is an innovate combination of previously untapped nationally
representative household surveys, qualitative fieldwork, and
insights from the fields of religious studies and social economics.
Household vulnerability to weather shocks and changing climatic
conditions has become a major concern in developing countries. Yet
the empirical evidence remains limited on the impact that changing
environmental conditions have on households. This book explores
climate change adaptation using a social resilience approach. The
book is based on primary data from the Sundarbans, a densely
populated area located across parts of Bangladesh and India (West
Bengal) which is highly vulnerable to extreme weather events and
climate change. The focus is on assessing how households are
affected by cyclones: whether they are able to cope with, adapt to
and recover from events and changes; whether they are warned ahead
of time; whether they benefit from government safety nets and other
social programs; and finally whether they are driven to either
temporary or permanent migration. This assessment leads to a better
understanding of how exposure to an area of climate change
vulnerability and risk affects and shapes human responses.
Poverty reduction challenges in the twenty-first century are not
the same as those from the previous century. The shift is due in no
small part to climate change and climate-related weather disasters,
such as extreme flood and drought. The magnitude and frequency of
such events are only expected to increase in the coming decades,
affecting more and more impoverished people across the globe.
Poverty Reduction in a Changing Climate, edited by Hari Bansha
Dulal, is a work which discusses the new innovations and funding
mechanisms which have emerged in response to the rise of
climate-related challenges in the twenty-first century. Dulal and
the text's contributors explore the synergies and implications of
those innovations with respect to poverty alleviation goals. This
collection brings together a range of scholars from different
backgrounds, ranging from political science, economics, public
policy, and environmental science, all analyzing poverty reduction
challenges and opportunities from different, forward-thinking
perspectives.
Household vulnerability to weather shocks and changing climatic
conditions has become a major concern in developing countries. Yet
the empirical evidence remains limited on the impact that changing
environmental conditions have on households. This book explores
climate change adaptation using a social resilience approach. The
book is based on primary data from the Sundarbans, a densely
populated area located across parts of Bangladesh and India (West
Bengal) which is highly vulnerable to extreme weather events and
climate change. The focus is on assessing how households are
affected by cyclones: whether they are able to cope with, adapt to
and recover from events and changes; whether they are warned ahead
of time; whether they benefit from government safety nets and other
social programs; and finally whether they are driven to either
temporary or permanent migration. This assessment leads to a better
understanding of how exposure to an area of climate change
vulnerability and risk affects and shapes human responses.
This study provides a diagnostic of access to and affordability of
water and sanitation in Uganda, focusing on services for the poor,
and using the most recent qualitative and household survey data.
This study provides a diagnostic of residential network water in
Uganda, focusing on access and affordability for the poor, and
using data from the latest national household survey.
Countries regularly track gross domestic product (GDP) as an
indicator of their economic progress, but not wealth - the assets
such as infrastructure, forests, minerals, and human capital that
produce GDP. In contrast, corporations routinely report on both
their income and assets to assess their economic health and
prospects for the future. Wealth accounts allow countries to take
stock of their assets to monitor the sustainability of development,
an urgent concern today for all countries. The Changing Wealth of
Nations 2018: Building a Sustainable Future covers national wealth
for 141 countries over 20 years (1995-2014) as the sum of produced
capital, 19 types of natural capital, net foreign assets, and human
capital overall as well as by gender and type of employment. Great
progress has been made in estimating wealth since the fi rst
volume, Where Is the Wealth of Nations? Measuring Capital for the
21st Century, was published in 2006. New data substantially improve
estimates of natural capital, and, for the first time, human
capital is measured by using household surveys to estimate lifetime
earnings. The Changing Wealth of Nations 2018 begins with a review
of global and regional trends in wealth over the past two decades
and provides examples of how wealth accounts can be used for the
analysis of development patterns. Several chapters discuss the new
work on human capital and its application in development policy.
The book then tackles elements of natural capital that are not yet
fully incorporated in the wealth accounts: air pollution, marine
fisheries, and ecosystems. This book targets policy makers but will
engage anyone committed to building a sustainable future for the
planet.
This publication presents findings on early childhood development
policies in Indonesia at the national, provincial, and district
levels. In addition, the authors compare Indonesia's early
childhood development policies to other countries that have
comparable policy data on early childhood development.
Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Comparing Faith-Inspired, Private
Secular, and Public Schools is part of the World Bank Studies
series. These papers are published to communicate the results of
the Bank s ongoing research and to stimulate public discussion. The
purpose of this study is to build a stronger evidence base on the
role of faith-inspired, private secular, and public schools in
sub-Saharan Africa using nationally representative household
surveys as well as qualitative data. Six main fi ndings emerge from
the study: 1. Across a sample of 16 countries, the average market
share for faith-inspired schools is at 10 15 percent, and the
market share for private secular schools is of a similar order of
magnitude. 2. On average, faith-inspired schools do not reach the
poor more than other groups; they also do not reach the poor more
than public schools, but they do reach the poor signifi cantly more
than private secular schools. 3. The cost of faith-inspired schools
for households is higher than that of public schools, possibly
because of a lack of access to public funding, but lower than that
of private secular schools. 4. Faith-inspired and private secular
schools have higher satisfaction rates among parents than public
schools. 5. Parents using faith-inspired schools place a stronger
emphasis on religious education and moral values. 6. Students in
faith-inspired and private secular schools perform better than
those in public schools, but this may be due in part to
self-selection."
Despite substantial progress towards peace, economic growth, and
better governance since 2003, Liberia remains one of the poorest
countries in the world. The objective of this study is twofold.
First it is to provide a basic diagnostic of both consumption-based
poverty and human development (especially education and health) in
the country using the 2007 CWIQ (Core Welfare Indicators
Questionnaire) survey. Second, it is to assess the likely impact on
the poor of the recent economic crisis, and especially the increase
in rice prices, and to document the targeting performance of
various measures taken by the government in 2008/09 to help the
poor cope with the crisis. These measures included a reduction in
import taxes for rice, a reform of the personal income tax, and the
implementation of a cash for work temporary employment program.
In the past decade the global financial assistance for AIDS
responses increased tremendously and the donor community provided
greater resources to community responses. Yet little is known about
the global magnitude of these resources and their allocation among
HIV and AIDS activities and services. To address this knowledge
gap, this report pulls together evidence from several different
sources (donor data bases, surveys of civil society organisations,
country funding profiles) to determine, among other things, how
funds are reaching civil society and community-based organisations,
how these funds are being used, and the degree to which these
organisations rely on other sources of funding. The analysis
suggests that funding flows have increased dramatically for civil
society organisations (CSOs), reaching at least $690 million per
year on average during the period 2003 - 2009. However, much
smaller funding is reaching organisations at local level. The
report documents the impact achieved by this funding.
Traditionally, civil society organisations have been perceived at
times to be providers of humanitarian aid, innovators in
implementing responses adapted to local needs, or inefficient
actors diverting public funds from more effective uses. The report
argues that current evidence shows that community responses play a
useful complementary role to national AIDS programs that has been
achieved with relatively little funding. Contrary to a widespread
view, the report highlights that community responses add resources
to national programs. In Kenya, Nigeria and Zimbabwe, substantial
mobilisation of resources in the form of volunteers are mobilised
by communities. There is a strong risk that in the current
environment of increased resource scarcity, prevention programs
implemented by civil society organisations would be cut unless
there is strong evidence of value for money being generated.
Community-based organisations are ill equipped to answer that
question, but there is scope for improving the results that they
generate. The report argues that improving coordination with
national programs, strengthening consistency between local
activities and HIV epidemics, building stronger network of civil
society organisations, and mobilising sustainable funding are the
most important ways for community responses to move forward and
address the challenges faced by community responses.
Poverty reduction challenges in the twenty-first century are not
the same as those from the previous century. The shift is due in no
small part to climate change and climate-related weather disasters,
such as extreme flood and drought. The magnitude and frequency of
such events are only expected to increase in the coming decades,
affecting more and more impoverished people across the globe.
Poverty Reduction in a Changing Climate, edited by Hari Bansha
Dulal, is a work which discusses the new innovations and funding
mechanisms which have emerged in response to the rise of
climate-related challenges in the twenty-first century. Dulal and
the text's contributors explore the synergies and implications of
those innovations with respect to poverty alleviation goals. This
collection brings together a range of scholars from different
backgrounds, ranging from political science, economics, public
policy, and environmental science, all analyzing poverty reduction
challenges and opportunities from different, forward-thinking
perspectives.
This study provides a diagnostic of the benefit incidence and
targeting performance of a large number of social programs in
Ghana. Both broad-based programs (such as spending for education
and health, and subsidies for food, oil-related products and
electricity) as well as targetd programs (such as LEAP, the
indigent exemption under the NHIS, school lunches and uniforms, or
fertilizer subsidies) are considered. In addition, the study
provides tools and recommendations for better targeting of those
programs in the future. The tools include new maps and data sets
for geographic targeting according to poverty and food security, as
well as ways to implement proxy means-testing. The purpose of this
introductory chapter is to provide a brief synthesis of the key
findings and messages from the study. This volume discusses the
level of Dutch individual involvement in culture (various forms of
arts and cultural heritage). Trends in participation are treated
against the background of what the cultural field offers the Dutch
population. In addition to "cultural consumption" (visiting a
theater or going to the movies) this work also views active
creative activity (painting, playing music, acting) and the use of
the mass media for cultural purposes. Women appear to be more
interested in most cultural forms than are men; highly educated
people participate more than those with lower levels of education,
although participation levels of the higher educated are declining
somewhat; and, among the middle aged, popular rather than high arts
are on the rise. The book concludes by discussing scenarios for a
future in which the cultural field faces increased competition over
the leisure time of Dutch citizens. Frank Huysmans, Andries van den
Broek and Jos de Haan are part of the research group on Time, Media
and Culture of the Social and Cultural Planning Office in The
Hague, Netherlands.
While public-private partnerships in education in the United States
have received a lot of attention, research on such partnerships
elsewhere has been limited-even though such partnerships have been
steadily gaining prominence, particularly in developing countries.
Aiming to fill this gap, this book presents fresh, technically
sound empirical evidence on the effectiveness and cost of various
public-private education partnerships from around the world,
including voucher programs and faith-based schools. The evidence on
the impact in terms of school performance, targeting, and cost of
public-private partnerships is mixed. Some evidence suggests that
voucher schools outperform public schools, but the difference
between both types of schools is not as large as one might think,
and is often smaller than simple statistics suggest. Evidence on
faith-based schools tends to show slightly better performance than
public schools, but this is not the case in all countries. While in
some countries faith-based schools reach the poor better than
public schools, in other countries the reverse is observed. As for
the private costs of education, evidence shows that costs depend on
the systems in place in each country, but that when school choice
is limited, parents can still influence the performance of their
children through private expenditure for tutoring. More rigorous
studies on such partnerships, particularly in developing countries,
are necessary.
While consumer utility subsidies are widespread in both the water
and electricity sectors, their effectiveness in reaching and
distributing resources to the poor is the subject of much debate.
Water, Electricity, and the Poor brings together empirical evidence
on subsidy performance across a wide range of countries. It
documents the prevalence of consumer subsidies, provides a typology
of the many variants found in the developing world, and presents a
number of indicators useful in assessing the degree to which such
subsidies benefit the poor, focusing on three key concepts:
beneficiary incidence, benefit incidence, and materiality. The
findings on subsidy performance will be useful to policy makers,
utility regulators, and sector practitioners who are contemplating
introducing, eliminating, or modifying utility subsidies, and to
those who view consumer utility subsidies as a social protection
instrument.
This volume is devoted to an assessment of the performance and
selected aspects of the management and pedagogical practices of Fe
y Alegria, a federation of Jesuit schools serving approximately one
million children in 20 countries, mostly in Latin America. Many
observers consider Fe y Alegria a successful organization, but very
few rigorous evaluations have been conducted. The available
quantitative evidence suggests that the federation's schools often
do reach the poor, and that students in Fe y Alegria schools tend
to perform as well on test scores, if not slightly better, than
comparable students in other schools. Qualitative data and case
studies suggest that the factors that lead to good performance are
complex and related not only to the types of 'inputs' or resources
used by the schools in the education process, but also to the
management of these resources and the ability to implement and test
innovative programs. Other factors that support this argument
include the capacity and fl exibility to implement and test
innovative programs that take into account the local realities.
This volume will be of interest to researchers, policy makers, and
practitioners working on education and public-private partnerships,
and especially to those interested in what is now commonly being
referred to as the 'science of delivery.'
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