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seem as appropriate now as the original balance was when Dr A. D.
Imms' textbook was first published over fifty years ago. There are
35 new figures, all based on published illustrations, the sources
of which are acknowledged in the captions. We are grateful to the
authors concerned and also to Miss K. Priest of Messrs Chapman
& Hall, who saved us from many errors and omissions, and to Mrs
R. G. Davies for substantial help in preparing the bibliographies
and checking references. London O. W. R. R. G. D. May 1976 Part III
THEORDERSOFINSECTS THE CLASSIFICATION AND PHYLOGENY OF INSECTS The
classification of insects has passed through many changes and with
the growth of detailed knowledge an increasing number of orders has
come to be recognized. Handlirsch (1908) and Wilson and Doner
(1937) have reviewed the earlier attempts at classification, among
which the schemes of Brauer (1885), Sharp (1899) and Borner (1904)
did much to define the more distinctive recent orders. In 1908
Handlirsch published a more revolutionary system, incorporating
recent and fossil forms, which gave the Collembola, Thysanura and
Diplura the status of three independent Arthropodan classes and
considered as separate orders such groups as the Sialoidea,
Raphidioidea, Heteroptera and Homoptera. He also split up the old
order Orthoptera, gave its components ordinal rank and regrouped
them with some of the other orders into a subclass Orthopteroidea
and another subclass Blattaeformia.
The present edition may be regarded as a descendant, much changed
and greatly enlarged, of the late Dr A. D. Imms' Outlines of
Entomology, first published in 1942. This went through three
further editions without much change, but after the death of the
original author a fifth, revised edition by Professor O. W.
Richards and myself appeared in 1959 and a sixth in 1978. The book
now appears in a considerably extended version in which I have
tried to provide a more balanced introduction to the whole field of
modern entomology by dealing with several aspects of the subject
not discussed at all in previous editions. Thus, in addition to
innumerable lesser changes in the sections on insect structure,
function, development, classification and phylogeny, I have
completely recast the earlier chapter on some important modes of
life in insects. This now includes a far wider range of biological
topics well exemplified by the insects and should, I hope, appeal
not only to those already dedicated to entomology but also to
others with more general biological interests. A completely new
chapter on the biology of insect populations has also been added
and may serve to indicate the debt which modern ecological theory
owes to work on insect populations. It should hardly be necessary
to apologize for introducing a certain amount of elementary
mathematics into this account of a subject which is now among the
most highly quantitative of biological disciplines.
seem as appropriate now as the original balance was when Dr A. D.
Imms' textbook was first published over fifty years ago. There are
35 new figures, all based on published illustrations, the sources
of which are acknowledged in the captions. We are grateful to the
authors concerned and also to Miss K. Priest of Messrs Chapman
& Hall, who saved us from many errors and omissions, and to Mrs
R. G. Davies for substantial help in preparing the bibliographies
and checking references. London O.W.R. May 1976 R.G.D. Part I
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Chapter I INTRODUCTION Definition of the
Insecta (Hexapoda) The insects are tracheate arthropods in which
the body is divided into head, thorax and abdomen. A single pair of
antennae (homologous with the anten nules of the Crustacea) is
present and the head also bears a pair of mandibles and two pairs
of maxillae, the second pair fused medially to form the labium. The
thorax carries three pairs of legs and usually one or two pairs of
wings. The abdomen is devoid of ambulatory appendages, and the
genital opening is situated near the posterior end of the body.
Postembryonic development is rarely direct and a metamorphosis
usually occurs."
seem as appropriate now as the original balance was when Dr A. D.
Imms' textbook was first published over fifty years ago. There are
35 new figures, all based on published illustrations, the sources
of which are acknowledged in the captions. We are grateful to the
authors concerned and also to Miss K. Priest of Messrs Chapman
& Hall, who saved us from many errors and omissions, and to Mrs
R. G. Davies for substantial help in preparing the bibliographies
and checking references. O. W. R. London R. G. D. May 1976 Part III
THEORDERSOFINSECTS THE CLASSIFICATION AND PHYLOGENY OFINSECTS The
classification of insects has passed through many changes and with
the growth of detailed knowledge an increasing number of orders has
come to be recognized. Handlirsch (1908) and Wilson and Doner
(1937) have reviewed the earlier attempts at classification, among
which the schemes of Brauer (1885), Sharp (1899) and Borner (1904)
did much to define the more distinctive recent orders. In 1908
Handlirsch published a more revolutionary system, incorporating
recent and fossil forms, which gave the Collembola, Thysanura and
Diplura the status of three independent Arthropodan classes and
considered as separate orders such groups as the Sialoidea,
Raphidioidea, Heteroptera and Homoptera. He also split up the old
order Orthoptera, gave its components ordinal rank and regrouped
them with some of the other orders into a subclass Orthopteroidea
and another subclass Blattaeformia.
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