Since its identification by Sir Henry H. Dale a century ago, histamine has become one of the most important multifunctional biogenic amines in the field of biomedicine. The pharmacological effects of histamine are mediated through four types of membrane histamine receptors; H1R, H2R, H3R and H4R, which are all heptahelical G-protein-coupled receptors. It has been known to play the broadest spectrum of activities in various physiological and pathological conditions including cell proliferation, differentiation, hematopoiesis, embryonic development, regeneration, wound healing, aminergic neurotransmission and numerous brain functions, secretion of pituitary hormones, regulation of gastrointestinal and circulatory functions, cardiovascular system, as well as inflammatory reactions, modulation of the immune response, endocrine function and homeostasis, and other important areas. This book is a compendium of the current state of established and investigational literature on Histamine, its receptors and their Agonists and antagonists. It provides a comprehensive overview of histamine biology in the field of biochemistry, cell biology, molecular biology, immunology, allergy, neurobiology, pharmacology, microbiology and reproductive biology. The first section on Histamine biology and physiology leads into subsequent sections on enzymology, pharmacology, regulation of the immune system and cell proliferation and role in allergic and other diseases including acid peptic diseases, inflammatory diseases, autoimmune and cancer diseases, nervous system, reproductive functions and hematopoiesis. The compilation of chapters in the book presents the most recent advances in histamine research and bridges the basic and clinical aspects of histamine biology.

Since its identification by Sir Henry H. Dale a century ago, histamine has become one of the most important multifunctional biogenic amines in the field of biomedicine. The pharmacological effects of histamine are mediated through four types of membrane histamine receptors; H1R, H2R, H3R and H4R, which are all heptahelical G-protein-coupled receptors. It has been known to play the broadest spectrum of activities in various physiological and pathological conditions including cell proliferation, differentiation, hematopoiesis, embryonic development, regeneration, wound healing, aminergic neurotransmission and numerous brain functions, secretion of pituitary hormones, regulation of gastrointestinal and circulatory functions, cardiovascular system, as well as inflammatory reactions, modulation of the immune response, endocrine function and homeostasis, and other important areas. This book is a compendium of the current state of established and investigational literature on Histamine, its receptors and their Agonists and antagonists. It provides a comprehensive overview of histamine biology in the field of biochemistry, cell biology, molecular biology, immunology, allergy, neurobiology, pharmacology, microbiology and reproductive biology. The first section on Histamine biology and physiology leads into subsequent sections on enzymology, pharmacology, regulation of the immune system and cell proliferation and role in allergic and other diseases including acid peptic diseases, inflammatory diseases, autoimmune and cancer diseases, nervous system, reproductive functions and hematopoiesis. The compilation of chapters in the book presents the most recent advances in histamine research and bridges the basic and clinical aspects of histamine biology.

With the rapid growth of multimedia services, future generations of cellular communications require higher data rates and a more reliable transmission link while keeping satisfactory quality of service. In this respect, multiple input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems have been considered as an efficient approach to address these demands by offering significant multiplexing and diversity gains over single antenna systems without increasing requirements on radio resources such as bandwidth and power. Although MIMO systems can unfold their huge benefit in cellular base stations, they may face limitations when it comes to their deployment in mobile handsets. This work is based on cooperative communications in wireless networks. We focus on Bit error rate (BER) performance analysis of cooperative communications with either an amplify-and-forward (AF) or decode-and-forward (DF) cooperation protocol using Matlab. We consider the single and multi relay scenario in our simulations.

There will be automatic track switching and continuous monitoring of trains. When the two trains are on the same track and there is a chance of collision the train will be shifted to next track automatically. It is only possible when we continuously monitor the status of the trains. It could be a reliable solution for railway authorities, by consuming low cost and above all will decrease the chances of accidents, which we all think is a great achievement.

The information- delivered quickly and effortlessly at the finger tips of the person on the electronics super highway -still required context, organization and purpose to be useful for the person acquiring it. This is one of the many reasons why we have put together this compilation in the form of a report so as to provide the reader with compound synopsis of out project. Wireless communications is one of the most active areas of technology development of our time. This development is being driven primarily by the transformation of what has been largely a medium for supporting voice, images, text and data. Thus, similarly to the developments in wire line capacity in the 1990s, the demand for new wireless capacity is growing at a very rapid pace.