Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

For several decades, the orthodox economics approach to understanding choice under risk has been to assume that each individual person maximizes some sort of personal utility function defined over purchasing power. This new volume contests that even the best wisdom from the orthodox theory has not yet been able to do better than supposedly naive models that use rules of thumb, or that focus on the consumption possibilities and economic constraints facing the individual. The authors assert this by first revisiting the origins of orthodox theory. They then recount decades of failed attempts to obtain meaningful empirical validation or calibration of the theory. Estimated shapes and parameters of the "curves" have varied erratically from domain to domain (e.g., individual choice versus aggregate behavior), from context to context, from one elicitation mechanism to another, and even from the same individual at different time periods, sometimes just minutes apart. This book proposes the return to a simpler sort of scientific theory of risky choice, one that focuses not upon unobservable curves but rather upon the potentially observable opportunities and constraints facing decision makers. It argues that such an opportunities-based model offers superior possibilities for scientific advancement. At the very least, linear utility - in the presence of constraints - is a useful bar for the "curved" alternatives to clear.

For several decades, the orthodox economics approach to understanding choice under risk has been to assume that each individual person maximizes some sort of personal utility function defined over purchasing power. This new volume contests that even the best wisdom from the orthodox theory has not yet been able to do better than supposedly naive models that use rules of thumb, or that focus on the consumption possibilities and economic constraints facing the individual. The authors assert this by first revisiting the origins of orthodox theory. They then recount decades of failed attempts to obtain meaningful empirical validation or calibration of the theory. Estimated shapes and parameters of the "curves" have varied erratically from domain to domain (e.g., individual choice versus aggregate behavior), from context to context, from one elicitation mechanism to another, and even from the same individual at different time periods, sometimes just minutes apart. This book proposes the return to a simpler sort of scientific theory of risky choice, one that focuses not upon unobservable curves but rather upon the potentially observable opportunities and constraints facing decision makers. It argues that such an opportunities-based model offers superior possibilities for scientific advancement. At the very least, linear utility - in the presence of constraints - is a useful bar for the "curved" alternatives to clear.

Japan has been, and will likely remain, the second largest economy in the world. In the four decades following the Second World War, it dazzled the world, its enviable social indicators, unprecedented fast and sustained with economic growth, process innovations, high productivity and high quality of manufactured product. In the nineties, the growth slowed down to a crawl, and a recession and deflation now threaten it. Could we foretell these historic ups and downs on the basis of financial reports of Japan's great corporations? The 14 chapters of the book take a sweeping view of accounting, covering methods, data, theories, and comparisons. Institutionalism has been a major force in accounting thinking in the United States as well as Japan. The influence of Marxian theory on Japanese accounting and social science thinking remains vastly underappreciated in the United States. A direct comparison of Japanese and U.S. factor markets, and Korean and German accounting practices also reveals important differences.

It is crucial for anyone interested in international investments, trade, and economics to understand Japanese financial reporting practices and how they differ from the United States practices . While a few comparative works on Japan and U.S. financial reporting are available, they rarely give the reader an in-depth understanding of the similarities and differences between the United States and Japan. In this volume, a Japanese and U.S. editor have collaborated to bring an understanding of Japanese accounting practices, perspectives, and their implications to the English speaking audience.

Experimental economics is a rapidly growing field of inquiry, and there currently exist several textbooks and surveys describing the results of laboratory experiments in economics. This primer, however, is the first hands-on guide to the physical aspects of actually conducting experiments in economics. It tells researchers, teachers and students in economics how to deal with human subjects, how to design meaningful laboratory environments, how to design experiments, how to conduct the experiments, and how to analyze and report the data. It also deals with methodological issues. It can be used to structure an undergraduate or graduate course in experimental economics.

A number of advantages are considered of mergers and acquisitions but all ventures so acquired are not successful. The studies round the globe suggest that only 50 per cent are not able to achieve their objectives because certain factors are not properly looked into. This book on "Mergers and Acquisitions Prospects and Problems in India" suggest that the world over the number and value of cross border mergers and acquisitions is growing up year after year because it is considered a speedy way to become big India was passive on this front till 2004 but from 2005 onwards some Indian corporates specially Birlas and Tatas have become very aggressive to acquire firms round the globe, other big players are L.N. Mittal and Sunil Mittal. Corporates have acquired both horizontal and vertical companies considering that these acquisitions will not only add to their assets but also to profits and make them global players. This book throws light on various aspects of Mergers and Acquisitions specially in the Indian context. This also analyses and gives proper account of Indian laws and procedures regarding Mergers ad Acquisitions.

Incorporation of biologically-active ligands into a metal (organo-metallic complexes) offers much scope for the design of novel therapeutic agents with enhanced targeted activity and new mode of action. Several ruthenium complexes have been reported to be promising biological activities. Here, some novel organometallic ruthenium (Ru) complexes, bearing thiosemicarbazone moieties were synthesized and screened for various pharmacological activities. It has been identified that the new Ru(II)-arene complexes demonstrating the validity of such an approach to the design of novel drugs in near future.

OBJECTIVE: Theoretical aspects and the applications of different types of atomic and molecular spectroscopic methods. The molecular spectra contain important information about the structure of the molecule. In this Book you will learn that how the information available from different types of molecular spectra can be used for the structure elucidation of the Organic molecules. In this context we will use the information available from UV-VIS, IR, 1H-NMR and MASS spectrometry. thus, aims to integrate the information available from different types of spectral methods and apply this knowledge to arrive at the structure of a molecule.

OBJECTIVE: Analysis of beta blockers in formulated and unformulated samples demand a highly specific and rapid method as many beta blockers have serious stability problems. In the present Study, Analytical methods for the various Beta Blockers viz. Atenolol, Acebutolol, Bisoprolol, Betaxolol, Carvedilol, Nebivolol, Timolol, Sotalol etc. have been presented. A brief discussion on spectrum of activity and action mechanism of beta blocker has also been given. It include detail description of analysis of Beta blockers alone and in combined dosage form. A brief out line on current trend in method development and validation has also discussed in brief

Modern cities void socio-cultural, ecological and communal characters of humankind for dwelling in the run of political and economic competency. Heritage concerns and conservation attitudes have also been faded in these converted modern cities. Historic cities in some extent have retained the legacy of sustained urban life and environment while development forces still suppress values of historic urban characters and evidently the identity of place. This undermines the compatibility towards spatial patterns of historic settlement and loosens viscosity of historic city within its boundary unless appropriate reconciliation of conservation and development trends are available. This manuscript focuses on amorphous relationships and integration potentials between urban typologies and development context of new development and cultural heritage areas for planners and conservationists. Along with integrity aspects of historic urban landscape as a tool for integrated urban conservation, this book illustrates the strategies for urban spatial continuity, broadened heritage concepts and conservation oriented development with participatory mechanism in historic cities.

Taxation is a powerful tool for mobilizing the internal resources of any country whether it is developing or developed one.In developing countries where financial resource gap is increasing seriously leading the economy to the state of external dependency, taxation only becomes sustainable and non-inflationary internal remedy to overcome this problem of financial resources gap and deficit financing.Because of poor internal resource mobilization capability, Nepal has been facing a serious resources gap for many years and this trend seems to be continued in future if suitable measures are not taken in time properly.For the remedy of external dependency and growing resource gap problem, internal revenue base should be strengthened through the mobilization additional financial resources internally specially through income taxation.This book tries to analyze the concept of income tax, its contribution on Nepalese GDP, total or total tax revenue with international comparison.Similarly, it analyses the productivity i.e.elasticity and buoyancy of income tax in Nepal. This book may be useful to students, teachers, policy makers and others who are interested in this top