Pathogenic Escherichia coli are found in the contaminated raw meat. Contamination is common in Pakistan due to unhygienic condition. The present work was based on the entomopathogenic effect of E.coli against Tribolium castaneum. The cultured sample of E.coli O157 isolated from raw meat was used in this study. Microbial screening of pathogenic bacteria was done by using different media such as TSB, MacConkey and Novobiocin. Rearing of Tribolium castaneum was done in the Laboratory of LCWU. Bioassay technique was applied for the detection of effect of E.coli against the Tribolium castaneum. The Bioassay was applied in triplicates in bioassay glass vials. The results had shown that E.coli did not have any effect against Tribolium castaneum.

Bacillus thuringiensis spore forming, Gram positive aerobic bacteria whose spores consist of the crystal protein which are found to have the insecticidal activity to the specific insect orders. Bacillus thuringiensis are considered to be cosmopolitan in nature and a great difference occurs between the two strains from different habitat. The present study was conducted on the collection of samples and solation of the B.t. from these samples. These isolates were identified on the basis of microscopic techniques and staining techniques. Culturing of these isolates was made on the specific media such as T3. Culturing of these bacteria was done to get enough amount of the B.t. spore cell. Rearing of the Tribolium castaneum a flour beetle was done by understanding the physiology of the beetles. Then biotoxic effect of these bacteria was determined by the process of Biotoxicity assay of the Bacillus thuringiensis spores against Triboium castaneum in glass vials in triplicates. The seven day repeated observation of these isolates was presented in the tabular form and LC50 is calculated by the Probit analysis programme.

Thered flour beetle(Tribolium castaneum) is a common pest insect known for attacking and infesting stored flour and grain. They are one of the most common and most destructive insect pests for grain and other food products stored in silos, warehouses, grocery stores, and the home. Bacillus thuringiensis(B.t) is a Gram positive, soil dwelling bacteria commonly used as a biological alternative to a pesticide. The present project was designed for the study of combined insecticidal effect of Bacillus thuringiensis along with boric acid, insecticide cypermethrin and the plant leaves powder i.e Azadirachta indica against the Tribolium castaneum to check the mortality rate of these insects and LC50 was calculated. Bacteria were isolated from rich soil, pulse dust, grain dust and its growth was checked on the T3 media by applying the microbial techniques. On the other hand the larvae of T. castaneum were reared in empty glass jars, the third instar larvae and the adults were collected which were used in insecticidal bioassays."

The present project was designed to study the prevalence of ABO and Rh blood groups in patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 in different hospitals and diabetic centers. For this purpose 300 blood samples of diabetic patients were collected and their blood groups were determined by using Anti-A serum, Anti-B serum and Anti-D serum. Some related parameters such as age, body mass index BMI, blood pressure and blood sugar of diabetic patients were also checked. It was noted that out of 300 blood samples, 176 were taken from male and 124 were taken from female who have type 2 diabetes, the %age of male was 58.6% and %age of female was 41.3% respectively. The number of patients with blood group A, B, AB and O were 36, 156, 14 and 94. The highest prevalence was noted in blood group B i.e. 52% followed by blood group O 31.3%, then A 12% and AB 4.6%. The prevalence of RhD positive among type 2 diabetic patients was found to be 92% i.e. out of 300 diabetic patients 276 were RhD positive and prevalence of RhD negative was 8% i.e. 24 patients.