In today's society, the power of someone's reputation, or influence, has been turned into a job: that of being a social media influencer. This role comes with promises, such as aspirational work, but is rife with challenges, given the controversy that often surrounds influencers. This is the first book on the regulation of social media influencers, that brings together legal, economic and ethical angles to further unveil the implications of influencer marketing. Thus far, influencers have been under scrutiny for not disclosing paid advertising, yet their activity has many more questionable implications. This edited volume combines insights from law, economics, ethics and communication science to reveal these implications and propose new ways in which public bodies, social media companies and citizens ought to relate to influencer marketing. Academics and students of Law, Economics, Ethics and Communication Science will find policy making insights in this collection. In addition, The Regulation of Social Media Influencers will be essential reading for regulators. Contributors include: E. Apa, M. de Cock Bunning, S. de Jans, M. de Veirman, R. Ducato, I. Ebert, C. Fieseler, C. Goanta, L. Hudders, M. Leiser, M. Leszczynska, D. Mangan, G. Newlands, F. Pflucke, O. Pollicino, S. Ranchordas, D. Sindermann, E. van den Abeele, S. van der Hof, G. van Dijck, V. Verdoodt, I. Wildhaber

This rigorous and comprehensive study sheds light on an underappreciated tool of legal regulation. Using a comparative perspective that seamlessly integrates jurisprudential and policy analysis, Ranchordas has made a major contribution to our understanding of the interaction of law and time.' - Tom Ginsburg, University of Chicago Law School, US'At what point does a legislature's delegation of 'experimental' regulatory power to the executive constitute an abdication of the legislature's essential role in a representative democracy? At what point does it violate such crucial principles as legal certainty, equal treatment, or proportionality? What are the implications for this kind of experimentalist governance 'beyond law'? These are just some of the questions that this important book seeks to answer. Using the German, Dutch and US experiences as her point of entry, Sofia Ranchordas has produced a deeply researched comparative study full of illuminating examples and rich insights into the phenomenon of sunset clauses and experimental legislation and regulation. Ranchordas's book will be a great resource to legal scholars, social scientists and historians who seek to understand the changing nature of the legislative function, as well as the crucial normative issues it raises.' - Peter L. Lindseth, University of Connecticut, School of Law, US 'This book provides a comprehensive look at sunset clauses and experimental legislation. Thorough and well-researched, the book makes a valuable contribution to the study of these important and controversial, yet understudied, legislative instruments. The book should be of great interest to scholars, students and practitioners in the fields of legislation, regulation, public law and public policy.' - Ittai Bar-Siman-Tov, Bar-Ilan University Faculty of Law, Israel This innovative book explores the nature and function of 'sunset clauses' and experimental legislation, or temporary legislation that expires after a determined period of time, allowing legislators to test out new rules and regulations within a set time frame and on a small-scale basis. Sofia Ranchordas presents a thorough analysis of sunset clauses and experimental legislation from a comparative perspective, and offers a clear legal framework for their implementation. The author begins with a comprehensive history of sunset clauses and experimental legislation, along with a clear explanation of their characteristics and potential uses. She then analyzes the relationship between these legislative instruments and a number of fundamental legal principles, including legal certainty, equal treatment, proportionality and separation of powers. This thorough exploration of sunset clauses and experimental regulations places them within a broader legal context and makes a compelling case for their increased use. Scholars and students of comparative law, regulation and public policy will all find this book a fascinating and useful resource.

This book examines different legal systems and analyses how the judge in each of them performs a meaningful review of the proportional use of discretionary powers by public bodies. Although the proportionality test is not equally deep-rooted in the literature and case-law of France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, this principle has assumed an increasing importance partly due to the influence of the European Court of Justice and European Court of Human Rights. In the United States, different standards of judicial review are applied to review 'arbitrary and capricious' agency discretion. However, do US judges achieve a similar result to the proportionality or reasonableness test? Drawing together a selection of key experts in the field, this book analyses the principle of proportionality in the judicial review of administrative decisions from different perspectives. The principle is first examined in the context of recent developments in the literature and case-law, including the inevitable EU influence, then light shall be shed on the meaning of this principle in the specific case-law of the European Court of Justice and European Court of Human Rights. Finally, the authors go on to explore the ways in which US judges consciously 'sanction' the 'disproportionate' and/or unreasonable' use of agency discretion. In the legal systems where the proportionality test plays a very limited role, Ranchordas and de Waard also try to clarify why this is the case and look at what alternative solutions have been found. This book will be of great interest to scholars of public and administrative law, and EU law.

This book examines different legal systems and analyses how the judge in each of them performs a meaningful review of the proportional use of discretionary powers by public bodies. Although the proportionality test is not equally deep-rooted in the literature and case-law of France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, this principle has assumed an increasing importance partly due to the influence of the European Court of Justice and European Court of Human Rights. In the United States, different standards of judicial review are applied to review 'arbitrary and capricious' agency discretion. However, do US judges achieve a similar result to the proportionality or reasonableness test? Drawing together a selection of key experts in the field, this book analyses the principle of proportionality in the judicial review of administrative decisions from different perspectives. The principle is first examined in the context of recent developments in the literature and case-law, including the inevitable EU influence, then light shall be shed on the meaning of this principle in the specific case-law of the European Court of Justice and European Court of Human Rights. Finally, the authors go on to explore the ways in which US judges consciously 'sanction' the 'disproportionate' and/or unreasonable' use of agency discretion. In the legal systems where the proportionality test plays a very limited role, Ranchordas and de Waard also try to clarify why this is the case and look at what alternative solutions have been found. This book will be of great interest to scholars of public and administrative law, and EU law.

Offering a unique perspective on an overlooked subject - the relationship between time, change, and lawmaking - this edited collection brings together world-leading experts to consider how time considerations and social, political and technological change affect the legislative process, the interpretation of laws, the definition of the powers of the government and the ability of legal orders to promote innovation. Divided into four parts, each part considers a different form of interaction between time and law, and change. The first part offers legal, theoretical and historical perspectives on the relationship between time and law, and how time shaped law and influences legal interpretation and constitutional change. The second part offers the reader an analysis of the different ways in which courts approach the impact of time on law, as well as theoretical and empirical reflections upon the meaning of the principle of legal certainty, legitimate expectations and the influence of law over time. The third part of the book analyses how legislation and the legislative process addresses time and change, and the various challenges they create to the legal order. The fourth and final part addresses the complex relationship between fast-paced technological change and the regulation of innovations.