Manufacturing processes have existed, in some form, since the dawn of civilization. Modelling and numerical simulation of mechanics of such processes, however, are of fairly recent vintage; made possible, mainly by improved understanding of the fundamental mechanics and physics of these processes as well as by the availability of ever more powerful computers. Our capabilities of designing manufacturing processes, however, significantly lag behind our abilities in simulating such processes. In fact, research in the area of design of manufacturing processes is barely a decade old. Analysis of manufacturing processes, and its integration into the design cycle of these processes, are the dual themes of this book. The boundary element method (BEM) is the computational method of choice. This versatile and powerful method has enjoyed extensive development during the last two decades and has been applied to virtually all areas of engieering mechanics (both linear and nonlinear) as well as in other areas. The BEM infra-structure is presented in Chapters 2, 3, and 4. Chapters 2 and 3, respectively provide reviews of the fundamentals of nonlinear and thermal problems. Material and geometric nonlinearities are ubiquitous in manufacturing processes such as forming and machining while thermal issues play significant roles in casting and machining processes. Chapter 4 discusses design sensitivity analysis, and provides an avenue for utilizing insights gained from analysis toward design synthesis of manufacturing processes. Chapters 5 through 9 are devoted to detailed discussions of a broad range of manufacturing processes - forming, solidification, machining, and ceramic grinding. The unique features of this book are its emphasis on numerical simulation as well as on design of manufacturing processes, and the use of the boundary element method as the computational method of choice.

The individual effect of juice extraction methods, processing temperature-time, potassium meta-bi-sulphite, storage temperatures, and exposure of fruits to ethylene concentrations was found to be significant in prolonging storage duration and maintaining the acceptable quality of mandarin juice. It can be concluded that the juice obtained from the fruits exposed to 500 ppm ethylene and extracted with screw type juice extractor, processed at 65C for 15 minutes, preserved with 1000 ppm potassium meta-bi-sulphite and stored under lower temperatures of 3-4C, proved to be the most effective treatment for quality parameters up to 6 months of storage. 85C processing temperature with 15 minutes holding time was observed to be most effective for reducing microbial load and inactivation of enzymes.

Boundary Methods: Elements, Contours, and Nodes presents the results of cutting-edge research in boundary-based mesh-free methods. These methods combine the dimensionality advantage of the boundary element method with the ease of discretization of mesh-free methods, both of which, for some problems, hold distinct advantages over the finite element method. After introducing some novel topics related to the boundary element method (BEM), the authors focus on the boundary contour method (BCM)-a variant of the BEM that further reduces the dimensionality of a problem. The final section of the book explores the boundary node method, which combines the BEM with moving least-squares approximants to produce a mesh-free, boundary-only method. The authors, who are also the primary developers of these methods, clearly introduce and develop each topic. In addition to numerical solutions of boundary value problems in potential theory and linear elasticity, they also discuss topics such as shape sensitivities, shape optimization, and adaptive meshing. Numerical results for selected problems appear throughout the book, as do extensive references.