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"Contexts and Sources" provides readers with a rich selection of
documents related to the historical background, language,
composition, sale, reception, and newly discovered first half of
the manuscript of Mark Twain's greatest work. Included are letters
on the writing of the novel, excerpts from the author's
autobiography, samples of bad poetry that inspired his satire
(including an effort by young Sam Clemens himself), a section on
the censorship of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by schools and
libraries over a hundred-year period, and commentary by David
Carkeet on dialects of the book and by Earl F. Briden on its
"racist" illustrations. In addition, this section reprints the full
texts of both "Sociable Jimmy," upon which is based the
controversial theory that Huck speaks in a "black voice," and "A
True Story, Repeated Word for Word As I Heard It," the first
significant attempt by Mark Twain to capture the speech of an
African American in print. "Criticism" of Adventures of Huckleberry
Finn is divided into "Early Responses" (including the first
negative review) and "Modern Views" by Victor A. Doyno, T. S.
Eliot, Jane Smiley, David L. Smith, Shelley Fisher Fishkin (the
"black voice" thesis), James R. Kincaid (a rebuttal of Fishkin),
and David R. Sewell. Also included is Toni Morrison's moving
personal "Introduction" to the troubling experience of reading and
re-reading Mark Twain's masterpiece. "A Chronology and Selected
Bibliography" are also included.
This Norton Critical Edition includes: The American first edition
text, plus the reinstated "raft passage" from Life on the
Mississippi (1883), complete with all original illustrations by
Edward Windsor Kemble and, for the raft passage, John Harley.
Editorial matter by Thomas Cooley. A rich selection of contextual
and source documents centred on the novel's historical background,
language, composition and reception, four of them new to the Fourth
Edition. Seventeen carefully chosen critical assessments of Mark
Twain's greatest work, ten of them new to the Fourth Edition. A
chronology and a selected bibliography. About the Series Read by
more than 12 million students over fifty-five years, Norton
Critical Editions set the standard for apparatus that is right for
undergraduate readers. The three-part format-annotated text,
contexts and criticism-helps students to better understand, analyse
and appreciate the literature, while opening a wide range of
teaching possibilities for instructors. Whether in print or in
digital format, Norton Critical Editions provide all the resources
students need.
There is virtually universal agreement that the fundamental cause
of the global economic and financial crisis of 2007-2009 was the
combination of a credit boom and a housing bubble, but it is much
less clear why this combination of events led to such a severe
financial crisis. Manufacturing Tail Risk: A Perspective on the
Financial Crisis of 2007-2009 argues that what made this economic
shock unique and led to such a severe financial crisis was the
behavior of many of the large, complex financial institutions
(LCFIs) that today dominate the financial industry. These LCFIs
ignored their own business model of securitization and chose not to
transfer credit risk to other investors. Instead, they employed
securitization to manufacture and retain tail risk that was
systemic in nature and inadequately capitalized. Manufacturing Tail
Risk: A Perspective on the Financial Crisis of 2007-2009 provides a
brief history of how the U.S. financial system evolved into its
current form. It presents the manner in which banks built tail
(systemic) risk exposures in large measure to get around capital
requirements, in contrast to their earlier business models, and it
explains how lax regulation contributed to these outcomes. It also
examines alternative explanations for the financial crisis. The
authors conclude that global imbalances and loose monetary policy
were relevant proximate contributors to the crisis by producing an
asset-price bubble in the United States that ultimately led to the
financial crisis. Manufacturing Tail Risk: A Perspective on the
Financial Crisis of 2007-2009 concludes with a discussion of
possible remedies to charge banks for manufacturing tail risks and
to contain such propensity in the first place. And while the focus
is on the United States, the authors review risk-taking and
realized losses by LCFIs in other parts of the world.
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