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How new is atheism? Long before the Enlightenment sowed seeds of
disbelief in a deeply Christian Europe, atheism was a matter of
serious public debate in the Greek world. But history is written by
those who prevail, so the lively free-thinking voices of antiquity
were mostly suppressed. Tim Whitmarsh brings to life the origins of
the secular values at the heart of the modern state, and reveals
how atheism and doubt, far from being modern phenomena, have
intrigued the human imagination for thousands of years.
The embrace of reception theory has been one of the hallmarks of
classical studies over the last 30 years. This volume builds on the
critical insights thereby gained to consider reception within Greek
antiquity itself. Reception, like 'intertextuality', places the
emphasis on the creative agency of the later 'receiver' rather than
the unilateral influence of the 'transmitter'. It additionally
shines the spotlight on transitions into new cultural contexts, on
materiality, on intermediality and on the body. Essays range
chronologically from the archaic to the Byzantine periods and
address literature (prose and verse; Greek, Roman and
Greco-Jewish), philosophy, papyri, inscriptions and dance. Whereas
the conventional image of ancient Greek classicism is one of quiet
reverence, this book, by contrast, demonstrates how rumbustious,
heterogeneous and combative it could be.
The Greek romance was for the Roman period what epic was for the
Archaic period or drama for the Classical: the central literary
vehicle for articulating ideas about the relationship between self
and community. This book offers a fresh reading of the romance both
as a distinctive narrative form (using a range of narrative
theories) and as a paradigmatic expression of identity (social,
sexual and cultural). At the same time it emphasises the elasticity
of romance narrative and its ability to accommodate both
conservative and transformative models of identity. This elasticity
manifests itself partly in the variation in practice between
different romancers, some of whom are traditionally Hellenocentric
while others are more challenging. Ultimately, however, it is
argued that it reflects a tension in all romance narrative, which
characteristically balances centrifugal against centripetal
dynamics. This book will interest classicists, historians of the
novel and students of narrative theory.
The Romans commanded the largest and most complex empire the world
had ever seen, or would see until modern times. The challenges,
however, were not just political, economic and military: Rome was
also the hub of a vast information network, drawing in worldwide
expertise and refashioning it for its own purposes. This
groundbreaking collection of essays considers the dialogue between
technical literature and imperial society, drawing on, developing
and critiquing a range of modern cultural theories (including those
of Michel Foucault and Edward Said). How was knowledge shaped into
textual forms, and how did those forms encode relationships between
emperor and subjects, theory and practice, Roman and Greek, centre
and periphery? Ordering Knowledge in the Roman Empire will be
required reading for those concerned with the intellectual and
cultural history of the Roman Empire, and its lasting legacy in the
medieval world and beyond.
Galen is the most important medical writer in Graeco-Roman
antiquity, and also extremely valuable for understanding
Graeco-Roman thought and society in the second century AD. This
2009 volume of essays locates him firmly in the intellectual life
of his period, and thus aims to make better sense of the medical
and philosophical 'world of knowledge' that he tries to create. How
did Galen present himself as a reader and an author in comparison
with other intellectuals of his day? Above all, how did he fashion
himself as a medical practitioner, and how does that
self-fashioning relate to the performance culture of second-century
Rome? Did he see medicine as taking over some of the traditional
roles of philosophy? These and other questions are freshly
addressed by leading international experts on Galen and the
intellectual life of the period, in a stimulating collection that
combines learning with accessibility.
Greek Literature and the Roman Empire uses up-to-date literary and cultural theory to explore the phenomenal rise of interest in literary writing in Greece under the Roman Empire. Greek identity cannot be properly understood without appreciating the brilliant sophistication of the writers of the period, whose texts must be considered in the historical and cultural context of the battles for identity that raged under the vast, multicultural Roman Empire.
The Greek Novels have moved from the margins to the centre-stage
over recent decades, not just because of their literary qualities
and thrilling narratives, but also because they offer revealing
insights into the culture of the Greek world of the Roman Empire:
sexual mores, the position of women and men, identity, religion.
Achilles Tatius' Leucippe and Clitophon, the most influential of
the novels in antiquity, remains the favourite of many. With its
freewheeling plotline, its setting on the edge of the Greek world
(in modern Lebanon), its ironic play with the reader's expectations
and its sallies into obscenity, it represents a new, mature,
sophisticated stage in the development of the novel as a genre.
This is the first commentary in English on Achilles for over 50
years, a period that has seen great strides forward in the
understanding of the literary, linguistic and textual
interpretation of this brilliant text.
This 2010 volume explores the proposition that the absorption of
the Greek world into the Roman empire created a new emphasis upon
local identities, much as globalisation in the modern world has
done. Localism became the focal point for complex debates: in some
cases, it was complementary with imperial objectives, but in others
tension can be discerned. The volume as a whole seeks to add
texture and nuance to the existing literature on Greek identity,
which has tended in recent years to emphasise the umbrella category
of the Greek, to the detriment of specific polis and regional
identities. It also contributes to the growing literature on the
Romanisation of provinces, by emphasising the dialogue between a
region's self-identification as a distinct space and its
self-awareness as a component of the centrally-governed empire.
The Greek Novels have moved from the margins to the centre-stage
over recent decades, not just because of their literary qualities
and thrilling narratives, but also because they offer revealing
insights into the culture of the Greek world of the Roman Empire:
sexual mores, the position of women and men, identity, religion.
Achilles Tatius' Leucippe and Clitophon, the most influential of
the novels in antiquity, remains the favourite of many. With its
freewheeling plotline, its setting on the edge of the Greek world
(in modern Lebanon), its ironic play with the reader's expectations
and its sallies into obscenity, it represents a new, mature,
sophisticated stage in the development of the novel as a genre.
This is the first commentary in English on Achilles for over 50
years, a period that has seen great strides forward in the
understanding of the literary, linguistic and textual
interpretation of this brilliant text.
The Greek romance was for the Roman period what epic was for the
Archaic period or drama for the Classical: the central literary
vehicle for articulating ideas about the relationship between self
and community. This book offers a reading of the romance both as a
distinctive narrative form (using a range of narrative theories)
and as a paradigmatic expression of identity (social, sexual and
cultural). At the same time it emphasises the elasticity of romance
narrative and its ability to accommodate both conservative and
transformative models of identity. This elasticity manifests itself
partly in the variation in practice between different romancers,
some of whom are traditionally Hellenocentric while others are more
challenging. Ultimately, however, it is argued that it reflects a
tension in all romance narrative, which characteristically balances
centrifugal against centripetal dynamics. This book will interest
classicists, historians of the novel and students of narrative
theory.
The contact zones between the Greco-Roman world and the Near East
represent one of the most exciting and fast-moving areas of
ancient-world studies. This new collection of essays, by
world-renowned experts (and some new voices) in classical, Jewish,
Egyptian, Mesopotamian and Persian literature, focuses specifically
on prose fiction, or 'the ancient novel'. Twenty chapters either
offer fresh readings - from an intercultural perspective - of
familiar texts (such as the biblical Esther and Ecclesiastes,
Xenophon of Ephesus' Ephesian Story and Dictys of Crete's Journal),
or introduce material that may be new to many readers: from demotic
Egyptian papyri through old Avestan hymns to a Turkic translation
of the Life of Aesop. The volume also considers issues of
methodology and the history of scholarship on the topic. A
concluding section deals with the question of how narratives,
patterns and motifs may have come to be transmitted between
cultures.
Galen is the most important medical writer in Graeco-Roman
antiquity, and also extremely valuable for understanding
Graeco-Roman thought and society in the second century AD. This
volume of essays locates him firmly in the intellectual life of his
period, and thus aims to make better sense of the medical and
philosophical 'world of knowledge' that he tries to create. How did
Galen present himself as a reader and an author in comparison with
other intellectuals of his day? Above all, how did he fashion
himself as a medical practitioner, and how does that
self-fashioning relate to the performance culture of second-century
Rome? Did he see medicine as taking over some of the traditional
roles of philosophy? These and other questions are freshly
addressed by leading international experts on Galen and the
intellectual life of the period, in a stimulating collection that
combines learning with accessibility.
The Romans commanded the largest and most complex empire the world
had ever seen, or would see until modern times. The challenges,
however, were not just political, economic and military: Rome was
also the hub of a vast information network, drawing in worldwide
expertise and refashioning it for its own purposes. This
fascinating 2007 collection of essays considers the dialogue
between technical literature and imperial society, drawing on,
developing and critiquing a range of modern cultural theories
(including those of Michel Foucault and Edward Said). How was
knowledge shaped into textual forms, and how did those forms encode
relationships between emperor and subjects, theory and practice,
Roman and Greek, centre and periphery? Ordering Knowledge in the
Roman Empire will be required reading for those concerned with the
intellectual and cultural history of the Roman Empire, and its
lasting legacy in the medieval world and beyond.
The Greek and Roman novels of Petronius, Apuleius, Longus,
Heliodorus and others have been cherished for millennia, but never
more so than now. The Cambridge Companion to the Greek and Roman
Novel contains nineteen original essays by an international cast of
experts in the field. The emphasis is upon the critical
interpretation of the texts within historical settings, both in
antiquity and in the later generations that have been and continue
to be inspired by them. All the central issues of current
scholarship are addressed: sexuality, cultural identity, class,
religion, politics, narrative, style, readership and much more.
Four sections cover cultural context of the novels, their contents,
literary form, and their reception in classical antiquity and
beyond. Each chapter includes guidance on further reading. This
collection will be essential for scholars and students, as well as
for others who want an up-to-date, accessible introduction into
this exhilarating material.
The Greek and Roman novels of Petronius, Apuleius, Longus,
Heliodorus and others have been cherished for millennia, but never
more so than now. The Cambridge Companion to the Greek and Roman
Novel contains nineteen original essays by an international cast of
experts in the field. The emphasis is upon the critical
interpretation of the texts within historical settings, both in
antiquity and in the later generations that have been and continue
to be inspired by them. All the central issues of current
scholarship are addressed: sexuality, cultural identity, class,
religion, politics, narrative, style, readership and much more.
Four sections cover cultural context of the novels, their contents,
literary form, and their reception in classical antiquity and
beyond. Each chapter includes guidance on further reading. This
collection will be essential for scholars and students, as well as
for others who want an up-to-date, accessible introduction into
this exhilarating material.
This 2010 volume explores the proposition that the absorption of
the Greek world into the Roman empire created a new emphasis upon
local identities, much as globalisation in the modern world has
done. Localism became the focal point for complex debates: in some
cases, it was complementary with imperial objectives, but in others
tension can be discerned. The volume as a whole seeks to add
texture and nuance to the existing literature on Greek identity,
which has tended in recent years to emphasise the umbrella category
of the Greek, to the detriment of specific polis and regional
identities. It also contributes to the growing literature on the
Romanisation of provinces, by emphasising the dialogue between a
region's self-identification as a distinct space and its
self-awareness as a component of the centrally-governed empire.
Where does the Greek novel come from? This book argues that whereas
much of Greek literature was committed to a form of cultural
purism, presenting itself as part of a continuous tradition
reaching back to founding fathers within the tradition, the novel
revelled in cultural hybridity. The earliest Greek novelistic
literature combined Greek and non-Greek traditions (or at least
affected to combine them: it is often hard to tell how 'authentic'
the non-Greek material is). More than this, however, it also often
self-consciously explored its own hybridity by focusing on stories
of cultural hybridisation, or what we would now call 'mixed-race'
relations. This book is thus not a conventional account of the
origins of the Greek novel: it is not an attempt to pinpoint the
moment of invention, and to trace its subsequent development in a
straight line. Rather, it makes a virtue of the murkiness, or
'dirtiness', of the origins of the novel: there is no single point
of creation, no pure tradition, only transgression, transformation
and mess. The novel thus emerges as an outlier within the Greek
literary corpus: a form of literature written in Greek, but not
always committing to Greek cultural identity. Dirty Love focuses
particularly on the relationship between Persian, Egyptian, Jewish
and Greek literature, and covers such texts as Ctesias' Persica,
Joseph and Aseneth, the Alexander Romance and the tale of Ninus and
Semiramis. It will appeal to those interested not only in Greek
literary history, but also in near-eastern and biblical literature.
The contact zones between the Greco-Roman world and the Near East
represent one of the most exciting and fast-moving areas of
ancient-world studies. This new collection of essays, by
world-renowned experts (and some new voices) in classical, Jewish,
Egyptian, Mesopotamian and Persian literature, focuses specifically
on prose fiction, or 'the ancient novel'. Twenty chapters either
offer fresh readings - from an intercultural perspective - of
familiar texts (such as the biblical Esther and Ecclesiastes,
Xenophon of Ephesus' Ephesian Story and Dictys of Crete's Journal),
or introduce material that may be new to many readers: from demotic
Egyptian papyri through old Avestan hymns to a Turkic translation
of the Life of Aesop. The volume also considers issues of
methodology and the history of scholarship on the topic. A
concluding section deals with the question of how narratives,
patterns and motifs may have come to be transmitted between
cultures.
The "Second Sophistic" traditionally refers to a period at the
height of the Roman Empire's power that witnessed a flourishing of
Greek rhetoric and oratory, and since the 19th century it has often
been viewed as a defense of Hellenic civilization against the
domination of Rome. This book proposes a very different model.
Covering popular fiction, poetry and Greco-Jewish material, it
argues for a rich, dynamic, and diverse culture, which cannot be
reduced to a simple model of continuity. Shining new light on a
series of playful, imaginative texts that are left out of the
traditional accounts of Greek literature, Whitmarsh models a more
adventurous, exploratory approach to later Greek culture. Beyond
the Second Sophistic offers not only a new way of looking at Greek
literature from 300 BCE onwards, but also a challenge to the
Eurocentric, aristocratic constructions placed on the Greek
heritage. Accessible and lively, it will appeal to students and
scholars of Greek literature and culture, Hellenistic Judaism,
world literature, and cultural theory.
Achilles Tatius' Leucippe and Clitophon is a 'Greek novel' composed in the second century AD. Like the other four novels that survive from this period, it focuses on the mutual love of a boy and a girl and the travails and obstacles that prevent them from consummating that love. What distinguishes Leucippe and Clitophon is its exuberant style and racy content. This new translation (which incorporates detailed notes) aims to capture the variety and vivacity of Achilles Tatius' writing. A substantial introduction sets the text in its historical and literary contexts.
Heliodorus' Aethiopica (Ethiopian Story) is the latest, longest,
and greatest of the ancient Greek romances. It was hugely admired
in Byzantium, and caused a sensation when it was rediscovered and
translated into French in the 16th century: its impact on later
European literature (including Shakespeare and Sidney) and art is
incalculable. As with all post-classical Greek literature, its
popularity dived in the 19th century, thanks to the influence of
romanticism. Since the 1980s, however, new generations of readers
have rediscovered this extraordinary late-antique tale of
adventure, travel, and love. Recent scholars have demonstrated not
just the complexity and sophistication of the text's formal
aspects, but its daring experiments with the themes of race,
gender, and religion. This volume brings together fifteen
established experts in the ancient romance from across the world:
each explores a passage or section of the text in depth, teasing
out its subtleties and illustrating the rewards reaped thanks to
slow, patient readings of what was arguably classical antiquity's
last classic.
Greek Literature and the Roman Empire uses up-to-date literary and
cultural theory to make a major and original contribution to the
appreciation of Greek literature written under the Roman Empire
during the second century CE (the so-called 'Second Sophistic').
This literature should not be dismissed as unoriginal and mediocre.
Rather, its central preoccupations, especially mimesis and paideia,
provide significant insights into the definition of Greek identity
during the period. Focusing upon a series of key texts by important
authors (including Dio Chrysostom, Plutarch, Philostratus, Lucian,
Favorinus, and the novelists), Whitmarsh argues that narratives
telling of educated Greeks' philosophical advice to empowered
Romans (including emperors) offer a crucial point of entry into the
complex and often ambivalent relationships between Roman conquerors
and Greek subjects. Their authors' rich and complex engagement with
the literary past articulates an ingenious and sophisticated
response to their present socio-political circumstances.
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Leucippe and Clitophon (Paperback)
Achilles Tatius; Translated by Tim Whitmarsh; Introduction by Helen Morales
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'Her mouth was like the bloom of a rose, when the rose begins to
part the lips of its petals. As soon as I saw, I was done for...All
my dreams were of Leucippe.' Achilles Tatius' Leucippe and
Clitophon is the most bizarre and risque of the five 'Greek novels'
of idealized love between boy and girl that survive from the period
of the Roman empire. Stretching the capacity of the genre to its
limits, Achilles' narrative covers adultery, violence,
evisceration, pederasty, virginity-testing, and (of course) an
improbable happy ending. Ingenious and sophisticated in conception,
Leucippe and Clitophon is in execution at once subtle, stylish,
moving, brash, tasteless, and obscene. This new translation aims to
capture Achilles' writing in all its exuberant variety. ABOUT THE
SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made
available the widest range of literature from around the globe.
Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship,
providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable
features, including expert introductions by leading authorities,
helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for
further study, and much more.
The "Second Sophistic" traditionally refers to a period at the
height of the Roman Empire's power that witnessed a flourishing of
Greek rhetoric and oratory, and since the 19th century it has often
been viewed as a defense of Hellenic civilization against the
domination of Rome. This book proposes a very different model.
Covering popular fiction, poetry and Greco-Jewish material, it
argues for a rich, dynamic and diverse culture, which cannot be
reduced to a simple model of continuity. Shining new light on a
series of playful, imaginative texts that are left out of the
traditional accounts of Greek literature, Whitmarsh models a more
adventurous, exploratory approach to later Greek culture. Beyond
the Second Sophistic offers not only a new way of looking at Greek
literature from 300 BCE onwards, but also a challenge to the
Eurocentric, aristocratic constructions placed on the Greek
heritage. Accessible and lively, it will appeal to students and
scholars of Greek literature and culture, Hellenistic Judaism,
world literature, and cultural theory.
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