his field guide is a forest management tool for field identification of biotic and abiotic agents that damage native trees in Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, and Wyoming, which constitute the USDA Forest Service's Rocky Mountain Region. The guide focuses only on tree diseases and forest insects that have significant economic, ecological, and/ or aesthetic impacts; this guide does not necessarily cover all possible damage agents. Management suggestions are provided where available. The field guide is divided into two sections: one describes both diseases and damage caused by animals and abiotic factors, and the other describes insects. Agents are presented by the type and/or location of the injury on the tree. Written descriptions, color photographs, a general index, an index by host tree species, descriptive tables, and line drawings are all provided to assist users in identifying damaging agents.

Most experienced trail crews try to avoid wetlands because of the construction and maintenance problems they pose. Little has been published on wetland trail construction, and materials that are available are often outmoded or are too regionally focused. By pulling this information together from our experiences, we hope to answer questions you didn't even know you had. In this manual we have described the common techniques for building a wetland trail. We have also included information on some of the more unusual materials and tools. Some of the techniques and tools we describe are suitable for wilderness situations where mechanized equipment cannot be used. Others are suitable for urban greenbelts where a wider range of techniques, material, and equipment can be used. Somewhere in between are the back-country sites where machines are permitted, but access and logistics are challenges. Although this book is written for wetland trails, the techniques described can also be used for correcting other poorly drained low areas in existing trails. The manual is written for those who are untrained and inexperienced in wetland trail construction, but those with experience may learn a few things, too.

Timber's strength, light weight, and energy-absorbing properties furnish features desirable for bridge construction. Timber is capable of supporting short-term overloads without adverse effects. Contrary to popular belief, large wood members provide good fire resistance qualities that meet or exceed those of other materials in severe fire exposures. From an economic standpoint, wood is competitive with other materials on a first-cost basis and shows advantages when life cycle costs are compared. Timber bridges can be constructed in virtually any weather conditions, without detriment to the material. Wood is not damaged by continuous freezing and thawing and resists harmful effects of de-icing agents, which cause deterioration in other bridge materials. Timber bridges do not require special equipment for installation and can normally be constructed without highly skilled labor. They also present a natural and aesthetically pleasing appearance, particularly in natural surroundings. The misconception that wood provides a short service life has plagued timber as a construction material. Although wood is susceptible to decay or insect attack under specific conditions, it is inherently a very durable material when protected from moisture. Many covered bridges built during the 19th century have lasted over 100 years because they were protected from direct exposure to the elements. In modem applications, it is seldom practical or economical to cover bridges; however, the use of wood preservatives has extended the life of wood used in exposed bridge applications. Using modem application techniques and preservative chemicals, wood can now be effectively protected from deterioration for periods of 50 years or longer. In addition, wood treated with preservatives requires little maintenance and no painting. Another misconception about wood as a bridge material is that its use is limited to minor structures of no appreciable size. This belief is probably based on the fact that trees for commercial timber are limited in size and are normally harvested before they reach maximum size. Although tree diameter limits the size of sawn lumber, the advent of glued-laminated timber (glulam) some 40 years ago provided designers with several compensating alternatives. Glulam, which is the most widely used modem timber bridge material, is manufactured by bonding sawn lumber laminations together with waterproof structural adhesives. Thus, glulam members are virtually unlimited in depth, width, and length and can be manufactured in a wide range of shapes. Glulam provides higher design strengths than sawn lumber and provides better utilization of the available timber resource by permitting the manufacture of large wood structural elements from smaller lumber sizes. Technological advances in laminating over the past four decades have further increased the suitability and performance of wood for modern highway bridge applications.

This book is the first text and reference that specifically addresses the issues and problems of wilderness management. The material is organized into six sections, each intended to present a comprehensive summary and synthesis of pertinent information The book's 16 chapters bring together both previously published as well as new information and viewpoints pertaining to wilderness management-writing which includes philosophy and concepts research data, and management experience in Federal agencies. Specifically, our objectives include the following: 1. To sensitize readers to pressing wilderness management issues and the implications of alternative methods of dealing with them. 2. To distinguish issues of wilderness management from issues of wilderness allocation and management of related lands, and to describe their important interrelationships. 3. To introduce readers to pertinent literature and ongoing research on wilderness, focusing particularly on the management implications of such work 4. To describe the evolution of the National Wilderness Preservation System from its philosophical and historical origins to its current size in number of areas and acres, with a speculative look at the future. 5. To propose principles and concepts from which management policy and actions to preserve wilderness might be derived, and to describe current management policies, procedures, and techniques that are available. We recognize that among our readers there will be many diverse views about wilderness management, and we do not expect universal agreement with our treatment of a topic as emotion-laden as wilderness. Hopefully, we have avoided some of the polarity of opinion that commonly surroundsdiscussion of wilderness by attempting to maintain a broad, conceptual perspective on management problems. We have tried to identify alternative wilderness management perspectives and their implications. Where we do advocate a particular management direction, we try to state our position clearly and identify our line of reasoning. Both within individual agencies and among the public, there are varying orientations toward wilderness and its management, but we are gratified by what we think is some convergence of views in the past decade. We hope this book will stimulate the discussions and foster the consensus necessary to meet the challenge of wilderness management that faces government agencies and the interested public. July 1977John C. Hendee George H. Stankey Robert C. Lucas

Increasing numbers of visitors to wilderness have caused resource managers to seek information on good horse-handling techniques and innovative equipment to insure that "the benefits of an enduring resource of wilderness" are preserved. This booklet is for those who travel into wilderness by horseback and who are concerned with minimizing man's impact there. Proper stock-handling, lightweight equipment, and good camp etiquette can do much to protect and preserve wilderness. This booklet illustrates how light, compact gear can be used in the horse camp and emphasizes innovative horse equipment for more comfortable, convenient travel with pack stock. It contains equipment ideas and techniques for "minimum impact" wilderness travel developed over many years by outfitters, packers, horse groups, Forest Service personnel, and other horsemen. The appendixes give detailed information on equipment mentioned in the text.

This report provides an overview of the historic and current visitation, environmental and infrastructure conditions as Sabino Canyon Recreation area in the Coronado NF in Tucson, AZ. Transportation goals were defined and specific potential solutions were identified in the following categories: Access Management; Bicycle, Pedestrian and Equestrian; Communications; Infrastructure; Management; Motorized Solutions; School Groups. These specific potential solutions were then grouped and analyzed as alternative scenarios. The analysis was done to support the Sabino Canyon Recreation Concept Plan which is being done subsequent to this study; all NEPA compliance will be conducted as part of the Recreation Concept Plan.

The Western Bark Beetle Strategy identifies how the Forest Service is responding to and will respond to the western bark beetle epidemic over the next five years. The extent of the epidemic requires prioritization of treatments, first providing for human safety in areas threatened by standing dead hazard trees, and second, addressing dead and down trees that create hazardous fuels conditions adjacent to high value areas. After the priority of safety, forested areas with severe mortality will be reforested with the appropriate species (Recovery). Forests will also be thinned to reduce the number of trees per acre and create more diverse stand structures to minimize extensive epidemic bark beetle areas (resiliency). This is a modest strategy that reflects current budget realities, but focuses our resources in the most important places that we can make a big difference to the safety of the American public. This strategy covers Fiscal Year (FY) 2011 through 2016. The western United States is experiencing the largest bark beetle outbreak in recorded history. Although western forests have experienced regular infestations throughout their history, the current epidemic is notable for its intensity, extensive geographic range, and simultaneous occurrence in multiple ecosystems. Since 1997, infestations of bark beetle species have escalated resulting in more than 41.7 million acres across all ownerships sustaining some level of conifer tree mortality. The past decade's epidemic is unprecedented in its environmental and social impacts. Various parts of the west experienced bark beetle population peaks at different times over the past 14 years. The Forest Service and the Natural Resources Conservation Service undertook a focused safety and recovery effort that was supported by approximately $138 million in agency and supplemental appropriations. From 2000 through 2009, the intermountain west experienced bark beetle caused mortality over an estimated 21.7 million acres across all ownerships, 17.7 million acres on national forests. The situation is further complicated by the fact that more and more people live and recreate in areas affected by the epidemic. This strategy incorporates our current understanding of available scientific research and presents a science-based path forward. The strategy will be achieved through well-defined goals, objectives, and action items, to address each of the three prongs of the bark beetle problem: human safety, forest recovery, and long-term forest resiliency. A successful approach to mitigating the impact of bark beetle must address actions for all three goals. While safety of human communities and infrastructure protection is paramount, there is also a critical need to restore the function and structure of our forests. Bark beetle is a natural part of our forests and as such will regularly impact our forests and the adjacent communities. Conducting resiliency treatments now and in the future will help minimize the potential for new outbreaks of bark beetles or make future outbreaks less intense. Although there has been much work accomplished to date for bark beetle management, this report focuses on the future. Honing our continuing response will seek to integrate various vegetation management activities across all jurisdictions to address bark beetle concerns in prioritized areas. Now is the time to act. Forest Service resources are in a position in which they can effectively respond and address this issue with increased effort. Public safety and economic impacts and costs will only increase if we delay.

This field guide is a forest management tool for field identification of biotic and abiotic agents that damage native trees in Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, and Wyoming, which constitute the USDA Forest Service's Rocky Mountain Region. The guide focuses only on tree diseases and forest insects that have significant economic, ecological, and/ or aesthetic impacts; this guide does not necessarily cover all possible damage agents. Management suggestions are provided where available. The field guide is divided into two sections: one describes both diseases and damage caused by animals and abiotic factors, and the other describes insects. Agents are presented by the type and/or location of the injury on the tree. Written descriptions, color photographs, a general index, an index by host tree species, descriptive tables, and line drawings are all provided to assist users in identifying damaging agents.

This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.