How hype, money, and bias can mislead the public into thinking that many worthless or unproven treatments are effective. Each week, people read about new and exciting cancer drugs. Some of these drugs are truly transformative, offering major improvements in how long patients live or how they feel-but what is often missing from the popular narrative is that, far too often, these new drugs have marginal or minimal benefits. Some are even harmful. In Malignant, hematologist-oncologist Dr. Vinayak K. Prasad writes about the many sobering examples of how patients are too often failed by cancer policy and by how oncology is practiced. Throughout this work, Prasad illuminates deceptive practices which * promote novel cancer therapies long before credible data are available to support such treatment; and * exaggerate the potential benefits of new therapies, many of which cost thousands and in some cases hundreds of thousands of dollars. Prasad then critiques the financial conflicts of interest that pervade the oncology field, the pharmaceutical industry, and the US Food and Drug administration. This is a book about how the actions of human beings-our policies, our standards of evidence, and our drug regulation-incentivize the pursuit of marginal or unproven therapies at lofty and unsustainable prices. Prasad takes us through how cancer trials are conducted, how drugs come to market, and how pricing decisions are made, asking how we can ensure that more cancer drugs deliver both greater benefit and a lower price. Ultimately, Prasad says, * more cancer clinical trials should measure outcomes that actually matter to people with cancer; * patients on those trials should look more like actual global citizens; * we need drug regulators to raise, not perpetually lower, the bar for approval; and * we need unbiased patient advocates and experts. This well-written, opinionated, and engaging book explains what we can do differently to make serious and sustained progress against cancer-and how we can avoid repeating the policy and practice mistakes of the past.

Why medicine adopts ineffective or harmful medical practices only to abandon them-sometimes too late. Medications such as Vioxx and procedures such as vertebroplasty for back pain are among the medical "advances" that turned out to be dangerous or useless. What Dr. Vinayak K. Prasad and Dr. Adam S. Cifu call medical reversal happens when doctors start using a medication, procedure, or diagnostic tool without a robust evidence base-and then stop using it when it is found not to help, or even to harm, patients. In Ending Medical Reversal, Drs. Prasad and Cifu narrate fascinating stories from every corner of medicine to explore why medical reversals occur, how they are harmful, and what can be done to avoid them. They explore the difference between medical innovations that improve care and those that only appear to be promising. They also outline a comprehensive plan to reform medical education, research funding and protocols, and the process for approving new drugs that will ensure that more of what gets done in doctors' offices and hospitals is truly effective.