Neurons communicate with each other by releasing neurotransmitters. This book provides comprehensive coverage of the molecular mechanisms involved in neurotransmitter release. The topics covered in the book range from the architecture and cytomatrix proteins of presynaptic sites, to the modes of synaptic vesicle exocytosis (full-collapse and kiss-and-run), and from the key molecules mediating synaptic vesicle fusion (SNAREs) to those that closely interact with them (UNC-13/Munc13, UNC-18/Munc18, tomosyn, and complexins). The book also delves into the calcium sensors of synaptic vesicle fusion (synaptotagmins and Doc2s), the sources of calcium that trigger synaptic exocytosis (voltage-gated calcium channels and ryanodine receptors), and the regulation of neurotransmitter release by potassium channels, cell adhesion molecules, lipids, aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein (AIP), presenilins, and calstabins. To aid in understanding and illustrate key concepts, the book includes sufficient background information and a wealth of illustrations and diagrams. The new edition includes major updates to previous chapters, as well as several new chapters that reflect the recent advances in the field. Comprehensive and cutting-edge, Molecular Mechanisms of Neurotransmitter Release, 2nd edition, is a valuable learning resource for neuroscience students and a solid reference for neuroscientists.

This book focuses on the current internal and external situation China is facing both from a macro perspective and a theoretical height, and puts forward practical development strategies and diplomatic ideas. It is of great methodological significance. At home, the development thought after the conclusion of the hundred-year change is the guiding thought for China's further development, and abroad, the international communication and the construction of international order highlighted by the hundred-year change also have important reference significance for the world's development.

This book provides a broader introduction to the theories and applications of sparse coding techniques in computer vision research. It introduces sparse coding in the context of representation learning, illustrates the fundamental concepts, and summarizes the most active research directions. A variety of applications of sparse coding are discussed, ranging from low-level image processing tasks such as super-resolution and de-blurring to high-level semantic understanding tasks such as image recognition, clustering and fusion.The book is suitable to be used as an introductory overview to this field, with its theoretical part being both easy and precious enough for quick understanding. It is also of great value to experienced researchers as it offers new perspective to the underlying mechanism of sparse coding, and points out potential future directions for different applications.

This book focuses on the current internal and external situation China is facing both from a macro perspective and a theoretical height, and puts forward practical development strategies and diplomatic ideas. It is of great methodological significance. At home, the development thought after the conclusion of the hundred-year change is the guiding thought for China's further development, and abroad, the international communication and the construction of international order highlighted by the hundred-year change also have important reference significance for the world's development.

Beginning with the Mid-nineteenth century, when China encountered the West and began to enter the modern age, this encyclopedia offers and overview of the world's largest and most populous nation.

Neurons in the nervous system organize into complex networks and their functions are precisely controlled. The most important means for neurons to communicate with each other is transmission through chemical synapses, where the release of neurotransmitters by the presynaptic nerve terminal of one neuron influences the function of a second neuron. Since the discovery of chemical neurotransmission by Otto Loewi in the 1920s, great progress has been made in our understanding of mol- ular mechanisms of neurotransmitter release. The last decade has seen an explosion of knowledge in this field. The aim of Molecular Mechanisms of Neurotransmitter Release is to provide up-to-date, in-depth coverage of essentially all major mole- lar mechanisms of neurotransmitter release. The contributors have made great efforts to write concisely but with sufficient background information, and to use figures/diagrams to present clearly key concepts or experiments. It is hoped that this book may serve as a learning tool for neuroscience students, a solid reference for neuroscientists, and a source of knowledge for people who have a general interest in neuroscience. I was fortunate to be able to gather contributions from a group of outstanding scientists. I thank them for their efforts. In particular, I want to thank Dr. Erik Jorgensen who offered valuable suggestions about the book in addition to contrib- ing an excellent chapter. I thank US National Science Foundation and National Institute of Health for their supports.

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed proceedings of the 7th Joint International Semantic Technology Conference, JIST 2017, held in Goldcoast, QLD, Australia, in November 2017. The 19 full papers and 4 short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 37 submissions. They present applications of semantic technologies, theoretical results, new algorithms and tools to facilitate the adoption of semantic technologies and are organized in topical sections on ontology and data management; ontology reasoning; linked data and query; information retrieval and knowledge discovery; knowledge graphs; and applications of semantic technologies.

Nach dem Weltrechtsprinzip darf ein Staat nach seinen Strafgesetzen bestimmte Verbrechen, die wegen der Verletzung universal anerkannter Rechtsguter international als strafwurdig und -notwendig erachtet werden, unabhangig von Tatort, Nationalitat von Tater und Opfer und Tatortrecht unter Strafe stellen. Unter Berufung auf das Weltrechtsprinzip durfen die nationalen Strafrechtsnormen ungeachtet ihrer etwaigen Differenzen zu anderen Rechtsordnungen die Geltung gegenuber allen Menschen in der Welt beanspruchen. Angesichts des auf dem Weltrechtsprinzip beruhenden universalen Strafanspruchs des Nationalstaates setzt sich die Arbeit in philosophischen, voelkerrechtlichen, verfassungsrechtlichen und straftheoretischen UEberlegungen mit der Legitimation des Weltrechtsprinzips auseinander.

Darwinian Evolution of an enzyme You might wonder, whats this Genetic Evolution of a biocatalyst, scientifically known as "directed evolution," has emerged in last decade thanks to great advances in molecular biology as a very powerful tool to genetically "manipulate" an enzyme, either to improve enzyme properties, to switch the selectivity or to create a completely new catalyst. Epoxides are versatile building blocks for natural product synthesis. Quoting Prof. Seebach: If carbonyl compounds have been said to be virtually the backbone of organic synthesis, the epoxides correspond to at least one of the main muscles, this emphasized the importance of these compounds. Epoxide hydrolases are useful biocatalysts to obtain optically enriched epoxides. This work applied directed evolution as a strategy to improve the enantioselectivity of an epoxide hydrolase. Different selection and screening methods were established... What about the final result? Take a look, you will find out!